Salts of 2-fluoro-n-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-yl-methyl)- imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide and processes related to preparing the same

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to dihydrochloric acid and dibenzenesulfonic acid salts of the c-Met kinase inhibitor 2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)-imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, useful in the treatment of cancer and other diseases related to the dysregulation of kinase pathways. The present invention further relates to processes and intermediates for preparing 2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide, and salts thereof.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 61/054,995, filed May21, 2008, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to dihydrochloric acid anddibenzenesulfonic acid salts of the kinase inhibitor2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide,useful in the treatment of cancer and other diseases related to thedysregulation of kinase pathways. The present invention further relatesto processes and intermediates for preparing2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide,and salts thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Protein kinases (PKs) are a group of enzymes that regulate diverse,important biological processes including cell growth, survival anddifferentiation, organ formation and morphogenesis, neovascularization,tissue repair and regeneration, among others. Protein kinases exerttheir physiological functions through catalyzing the phosphorylation ofproteins (or substrates) and thereby modulating the cellular activitiesof the substrates in various biological contexts. In addition to thefunctions in normal tissues/organs, many protein kinases also play morespecialized roles in a host of human diseases including cancer. A subsetof protein kinases (also referred to as oncogenic protein kinases), whendysregulated, can cause tumor formation and growth, and furthercontribute to tumor maintenance and progression (Blume-Jensen P et al,Nature 2001, 411(6835):355-365). Thus far, oncogenic protein kinasesrepresent one of the largest and most attractive groups of proteintargets for cancer intervention and drug development.

c-Met, a proto-oncogene, is a member of a distinct subfamily ofheterodimeric receptor tyrosine kinases which include Met, Ron, and Sea(Birchmeier, C. et al., Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2003, 4(12):915-925;Christensen, J. G. et al., Cancer Lett. 2005, 225(1):1-26). The onlyhigh affinity ligand for c-Met is the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF),also known as scatter factor (SF). Binding of HGF to c-Met inducesactivation of the receptor via autophosphorylation resulting in anincrease of receptor dependent signaling. Both c-Met and HGF are widelyexpressed in a variety of organs, but their expression is normallyconfined to the cells of epithelial and mesenchymal origin,respectively. The biological functions of c-Met (or c-Met signalingpathway) in normal tissues and human malignancies such as cancer havebeen well documented (Christensen, J. G. et al., Cancer Lett. 2005,225(1):1-26; Corso, S. et al., Trends in Mol. Med. 2005, 11(6):284-292).

HGF and c-Met are each required for normal mammalian development, andabnormalities reported in both HGF- and c-Met-null mice are consistentwith proximity of embryonic expression and epithelial-mesenchymaltransition defects during organ morphogenesis (Christensen, J. G. etal., Cancer Lett. 2005, 225(1):1-26). Consistent with these findings,the transduction of signaling and subsequent biological effects ofHGF/c-Met pathway have been shown to be important forepithelial-mesenchymal interaction and regulation of cell migration,invasion, cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, morphogenesisand organization of three-dimensional tubular structures (e.g. renaltubular cells, gland formation) during development. The specificconsequences of c-Met pathway activation in a given cell/tissue arehighly context-dependent.

Dysregulated c-Met pathway plays important and sometimes causative (inthe case of genetic alterations) roles in tumor formation, growth,maintenance and progression (Birchmeier, C. et al., Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell.Biol. 2003, 4(12):915-925; Boccaccio, C. et al., Nat. Rev. Cancer 2006,6(8):637-645; Christensen, J. G. et al., Cancer Lett. 2005,225(1):1-26). HGF and/or c-Met are overexpressed in significant portionsof most human cancers, and are often associated with poor clinicaloutcomes such as more aggressive disease, disease progression, tumormetastasis and shortened patient survival. Further, patients with highlevels of HGF/c-Met proteins are more resistance to chemotherapy andradiotherapy. In addition to the abnormal HGF/c-Met expression, c-Metreceptor can also be activated in cancer patients through geneticmutations (both germline and somatic) and gene amplification. Althoughgene amplification and mutations are the most common genetic alterationsthat have been reported in patients, the receptor can also be activatedby deletions, truncations, gene rearrangement, as well as abnormalreceptor processing and defective negative regulatory mechanisms.

The various cancers in which c-Met is implicated include, but are notlimited to: carcinomas (e.g., bladder, breast, cervical,cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal, esophageal, gastric, head and neck,kidney, liver, lung, nasopharygeal, ovarian, pancreas, prostate,thyroid); musculoskeletal sarcomas (e.g., osteosarcaoma, synovialsarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma); soft tissue sarcomas (e.g.,MFH/fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma); hematopoieticmalignancies (e.g., multiple myeloma, lymphomas, adult T cell leukemia,acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia); and otherneoplasms (e.g., glioblastomas, astrocytomas, melanoma, mesothelioma andWilm's tumor (www.vai.org/met/; Christensen, J. G. et al., Cancer Lett.2005, 225(1):1-26).

The notion that the activated c-Met pathway contributes to tumorformation and progression and could be a good target for effectivecancer intervention has been further solidified by numerous preclinicalstudies (Birchmeier, C. et al., Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2003,4(12):915-925; Christensen, J. G. et al., Cancer Lett. 2005,225(1):1-26; Corso, S. et al., Trends in Mol. Med. 2005, 11(6):284-292).For example, studies showed that the tpr-met fusion gene, overexpressionof c-met and activated c-met mutations all caused oncogenictransformation of various model cell lines and resulted in tumorformation and metastasis in mice. More importantly, significantanti-tumor (sometimes tumor regression) and anti-metastasis activitieshave been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo with agents thatspecifically impair and/or block HGF/c-Met signaling. Those agentsinclude anti-HGF and anti-c-Met antibodies, HGF peptide antagonists,decoy c-Met receptor, c-Met peptide antagonists, dominant negative c-Metmutations, c-Met specific antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes, andselective small molecule c-Met kinase inhibitors (Christensen, J. G. etal., Cancer Lett. 2005, 225(1):1-26).

In addition to the established role in cancer, abnormal HGF/c-Metsignaling is also implicated in atherosclerosis, lung fibrosis, renalfibrosis and regeneration, liver diseases, allergic disorders,inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, cerebrovascular diseases,cardiovascular diseases, conditions associated with organtransplantation (Ma, H. et al., Atherosclerosis. 2002, 164(1):79-87;Crestani, B. et al., Lab. Invest. 2002, 82(8):1015-1022; Sequra-Flores,A. A. et al., Rev. Gastroenterol. Mex. 2004, 69(4)243-250; Morishita, R.et al., Curr. Gene Ther. 2004, 4(2)199-206; Morishita, R. et al.,Endocr. J. 2002, 49(3)273-284; Liu, Y., Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens.2002, 11(1):23-30; Matsumoto, K. et al., Kidney Int. 2001,59(6):2023-2038; Balkovetz, D. F. et al., Int. Rev. Cytol. 1999,186:225-250; Miyazawa, T. et al., J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1998,18(4)345-348; Koch, A. E. et al., Arthritis Rheum. 1996,39(9):1566-1575; Futamatsu, H. et al., Circ. Res. 2005, 96(8)823-830;Eguchi, S. et al., Clin. Transplant. 1999, 13(6)536-544).

Inhibitors of c-Met and other kinases are reported in U.S. Ser. No.11/942,130, including the compound2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide(I) having the structure indicated below.

New or improved forms of existing agents which inhibit kinases such asc-Met are continually needed for developing more effectivepharmaceuticals to treat cancer and other diseases. The salts,compositions, and methods described herein are directed toward theseneeds and other ends.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a salt which is2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamidedihydrochloric acid salt, or a hydrate or solvate thereof.

The present invention further provides a salt which is2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamidedibenzensulfonic acid salt, or a hydrate or solvate thereof.

The present invention further provides compositions comprising a salt ofthe invention, or a hydrate or solvate thereof, and at least onepharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present invention further provides methods of inhibiting activity ofa receptor or non-receptor tyrosine kinase comprising contacting akinase with a salt of the invention, or a hydrate or solvate thereof.

The present invention further provides methods of inhibiting theHGF/c-Met kinase signaling pathway in a cell comprising contacting thecell with a salt of the invention, or a hydrate or solvate thereof.

The present invention further provides methods of inhibiting theproliferative activity of a cell comprising contacting the cell with asalt of the invention, or a hydrate or solvate thereof.

The present invention further provides methods of inhibiting tumorgrowth in a patient comprising administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of a salt of the invention, or ahydrate or solvate thereof.

The present invention further provides methods of inhibiting tumormetastasis in a patient comprising administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of a salt of the invention, or ahydrate or solvate thereof.

The present invention further provides methods of treating a disease ina patient, wherein the disease is associated with dysregulation of theHGF/c-MET signaling pathway, comprising administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of a salt of the invention, or ahydrate or solvate thereof.

The present invention further provides methods of treating a cancer in apatient comprising administering to the patient a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a salt of the invention, or a hydrate or solvatethereof.

The present invention further provides processes of preparing adihydrochloric acid salt of2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide,comprising:

-   -   a) reacting a first mixture comprising        2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide        and water with at least two equivalents of hydrochloric acid in        a solvent comprising water to form a second mixture; and    -   b) combining the second mixture with methyl tert-butyl ether.

The present invention further provides processes of preparing adihydrochloric acid salt of2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide,comprising:

-   -   a) reacting a first mixture comprising        2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide        and methanol with at least two equivalents of hydrochloric acid        in a solvent comprising isopropanol to form a second mixture;        and    -   b) combining the second mixture with acetone.

The present invention further provides processes of preparing adibenzenesulfonic acid salt of2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide,comprising:

-   -   a) reacting a first mixture comprising        2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide        and methanol with at least two equivalents of benzenesulfonic        acid in a solvent comprising isopropanol to form a second        mixture; and    -   b) combining the second mixture with methyl tert-butyl ether.

The present invention further provides processes of preparing a compoundof Formula I:

or salt thereof;comprising reacting a compound of Formula II:

with a compound of Formula III:

to form a compound of Formula I, or salt thereof;wherein X₁ is chloro, bromo, or iodo.

The present invention further provides processes of preparing a compoundof Formula I:

comprising:

-   -   a) reacting a compound of Formula II:

with a compound of Formula VII:

to form a compound of Formula VI:

and

-   -   b) reacting the compound the compound of Formula VI with with        Zn(CN)₂ and Zn in the presence of a catalyst.        wherein X₆ is chloro, bromo, or iodo.

The present invention further provides compounds of Formula III:

or salts thereof.

The present invention further provides compounds of Formula II:

wherein X¹ is chloro, iodo, or bromo.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern characteristicof a dihydrochloric acid salt of the invention prepared according to theprocess of Example 1.

FIG. 2 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tracecharacteristic of a dihydrochloric acid salt of the invention preparedaccording to the process of Example 1.

FIG. 3 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) thermogramcharacteristic of a dihydrochloric acid salt of the invention preparedaccording to the process of Example 1.

FIG. 4 shows an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern characteristicof a dibenzenesulfonic acid salt of the invention prepared according tothe process of Example 5.

FIG. 5 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tracecharacteristic of a dibenzenesulfonic acid salt of the inventionprepared according to the process of Example 5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides, inter alia, dihydrochloric acid anddibenzenesulfonic acid salts of the c-Met kinase inhibitor2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)-imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide(see Formula I above). The salts of the invention are advantageous inthat they can be obtained in crystalline form, making them particularlysuitable for use in pharmaceutical formulations.

Dihydrochloric Acid Salt

The dihydrochloric acid salt can be prepared by combining2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)-imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamidewith a molar excess of hydrochloric acid, such as described in Example 1below. The dihydrochloric acid salt can be obtained as a crystallinesolid as evidenced by the XRPD pattern shown in FIG. 1 (see also Example2 below). The dihydrochloric acid salt can also be obtained as ahydrate, based on the TGA results shown in FIG. 3 (see also Example 4below). DSC indicates that the dihydrochloric acid salt melts at about220 to about 224° C., or more particularly at about 222° C. (see FIG. 2and Example 3). The solubility at 25° C. was found to be approximately4.5 mg/mL in water; 0.002 mg/mL in pH 7.4 buffer; 0.002 mg/mL in pH 8.0buffer; and approximately 24 mg/mL in 0.1 N aqueous HCl. The saltprepared by the method of Example 1 was found to be desirablyreproducible with good solubility properties.

In some embodiments, the dihydrochloride salt has an X-ray powderdiffraction pattern comprising a characteristic peak expressed indegrees 2θ at about 26.0. In some embodiments, the dihydrochloride salthas an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising a characteristic peakexpressed in degrees 2θ at about 24.7. In some embodiments, thedihydrochloride salt has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprisinga characteristic peak expressed in degrees 2θ at about 18.2. In someembodiments, the dihydrochloride salt has an X-ray powder diffractionpattern comprising a characteristic peak expressed in degrees 2θ atabout 29.3. In some embodiments, the dihydrochloride salt has an X-raypowder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks expressed indegrees 2θ at about 26.0 and 24.7. In some embodiments, thedihydrochloride salt has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprisinga characteristic peak expressed in degrees 2θ at about 7.8. In someembodiments, the dihydrochloride salt has an X-ray powder diffractionpattern comprising characteristic peaks expressed in degrees 2θ at about26.0, 24.7, 18.2, and 29.3. In some embodiments, the dihydrochloridesalt has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising a characteristicpeak expressed in degrees 2θ at about 7.8, 26.0, 24.7, 18.2, and 29.3.

Dibenzenesulfonic Acid Salt

The dibenzenesulfonic acid salt (di-besylate salt) can be prepared bycombining2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)-imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamidewith a molar excess of benzenesulfonic acid, such as described inExample 5 below. The dibenzenesulfonic acid salt can be obtained as acrystalline solid as evidenced by the XRPD pattern shown in FIG. 4 (seealso Example 5 below). DSC indicates that the dibenzenesulfonic acidsalt melts at about 268 to about 272° C., or more particularly at about270° C. (see FIG. 5 and Example 7). The solubility at 25° C. was foundto be approximately 3.9 mg/mL in water; 0.003 mg/mL in pH 7.4 buffer;0.003 mg/mL in pH 8.0 buffer; and at least 29 mg/mL in 0.1 N aqueousHCl.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a particular form ofthe dibenzensulfonate salt having an X-ray powder diffraction patterncomprising a characteristic peak expressed in degrees 2θ at about 20.2.In some embodiments, the dibenzensulfonate salt has an X-ray powderdiffraction pattern comprising a characteristic peak expressed indegrees 2θ at about 15.0. In some embodiments, the dibenzensulfonatesalt has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising a characteristicpeak expressed in degrees 2θ at about 16.3. In some embodiments, thedibenzensulfonate salt has an X-ray powder diffraction patterncomprising a characteristic peak expressed in degrees 2θ at about 18.3.In some embodiments, the dibenzensulfonate salt has an X-ray powderdiffraction pattern comprising a characteristic peak expressed indegrees 2θ at about 23.8. In some embodiments, the dibenzensulfonatesalt has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising a characteristicpeak expressed in degrees 2θ at about 4.9. In some embodiments, thedibenzensulfonate salt has an X-ray powder diffraction patterncomprising characteristic peaks expressed in degrees 2θ at about 15.0,16.3, 18.3, 20.2, and 23.8. In some embodiments, the dibenzensulfonatesalt has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristicpeaks expressed in degrees 2θ at about 15.0, 16.3, 18.3, 20.2, 23.8, and4.9.

Definitions and Additional Embodiments

The present invention includes hydrates or solvates of the above-recitedsalts. Solvates refer to salts containing solvent within or as acomponent of the crystalline lattice. The term “hydrate,” as usedherein, is a particular solvate where the solvent is water and is meantto refer to a substance having waters of hydration. Example hydratesinclude hemihydrates, monohydrates, dihydrates, etc.

In some embodiments, the salts of the invention are crystalline. As usedhere in, a “crystalline” substance refers to a substance that containsat least some crystalline material. The presence of crystalline materialcan be detected by way of XRPD, for example. The salts of the inventionmight crystallize in different crystalline forms having differentcrystalline lattices and, consequently, have different physicalproperties. Some crystalline forms may have different water or solventcontent. The different crystalline lattices can be identified by solidstate characterization methods such as by X-ray powder diffraction(XRPD). Other characterization methods such as differential scanningcalorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic vaporsorption (DVS), and the like further help identify the crystalline formas well as help determine stability and solvent/water content.

Different crystalline forms of a particular substance, such as a salt ofthe invention, can include both anhydrous forms of that substance andsolvated/hydrated forms of that substance, where each of the anhydrousforms and solvated/hydrated forms are distinguished from each other bydifferent XRPD patterns, thereby signifying different crystallinelattices. In some instances, a single crystalline form (e.g., identifiedby a unique XRPD pattern) can have variable water or solvent content,where the lattice remains substantially unchanged (as does the XRPDpattern) despite the compositional variation with respect to waterand/or solvent.

An XRPD pattern of reflections (peaks) is typically considered afingerprint of a particular crystalline form. It is well known that therelative intensities of the XRPD peaks can widely vary depending on,inter alia, the sample preparation technique, crystal size distribution,various filters used, the sample mounting procedure, and the particularinstrument employed. In some instances, new peaks may be observed orexisting peaks may disappear, depending on the type of instrument or thesettings. As used herein, the term “peak” refers to a reflection havinga relative height/intensity of at least about 4% of the maximum peakheight/intensity. Moreover, instrument variation and other factors canaffect the 2-theta values. Thus, peak assignments, such as thosereported herein, can vary by plus or minus about 0.2° (2-theta), and theterm “substantially” as used in the context of XRPD herein is meant toencompass the above-mentioned variations.

In the same way, temperature readings in connection with DSC, TGA, orother thermal experiments can vary about ±3° C. depending on theinstrument, particular settings, sample preparation, etc. Accordingly, asolid or crystalline form reported herein having a DSC thermogram“substantially” as shown in any of the Figures is understood toaccommodate such variation.

The salt of the invention can also include all isotopes of atomsoccurring in the salt. Isotopes include those atoms having the sameatomic number but different mass numbers. For example, isotopes ofhydrogen include tritium and deuterium.

The salt of the invention, and its solid forms, can be found togetherwith other substances or can be isolated. In some embodiments, the saltof the invention, or its sold forms, is substantially isolated. By“substantially isolated” is meant that the salt is at least partially orsubstantially separated from the environment in which it was formed ordetected. Partial separation can include, for example, a compositionenriched in the salt of the invention. Substantial separation caninclude compositions containing at least about 50%, at least about 60%,at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at leastabout 95%, at least about 97%, or at least about 99% by weight of thesalt of the invention. Methods for isolating compounds and their saltsare routine in the art.

Methods

Treatment of a cell (in vitro or in vivo) that expresses a proteinkinase with the salt of the invention can result in inhibiting theligand/kinase signaling pathway and inhibiting downstream events relatedto the signaling pathway such as cellular proliferation and increasedcell motility. For example, the salt of the invention can block and/orimpair the biochemical and biological processes resulting from c-Metpathway activation, including, but not limited to, c-Met kinaseactivation (e.g. c-Met phosphorylation) and signaling (activation andrecruitment of cellular substrates such as Gab1, Grb2, Shc and c-Cb1 andsubsequent activation of a number of signal transducers including PI-3kinase, PLC-γ, STATs, ERK1/2 and FAK), cell proliferation and survival,cell motility, migration and invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and thelike. Thus, the present invention further provides methods of inhibitinga ligand/kinase signaling pathway such as the HGF/c-Met kinase signalingpathway in a cell by contacting the cell with a salt of the invention.The present invention further provides methods of inhibitingproliferative activity of a cell or inhibiting cell motility bycontacting the cell with a salt of the invention.

The present invention further provides methods of treating diseasesassociated with a dysregulated kinase signaling pathway, includingabnormal activity and/or overexpression of the protein kinase, in anindividual (e.g., patient) by administering to the individual in need ofsuch treatment a therapeutically effective amount or dose of a salt ofthe present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In someembodiments, the dysregulated kinase is of the Met family (e.g., c-Met,Ron, or Sea). In some embodiments, the dysregulated kinase isoverexpressed in the diseased tissue of the patient. In someembodiments, the dysregulated kinase is abnormally active in thediseased tissue of the patient. Dysregulation of c-Met and the HGF/c-Metsignaling pathway is meant to include activation of the enzyme throughvarious mechanisms including, but not limited to, HGF-dependentautocrine and paracrine activation, c-met gene overexpression andamplification, point mutations, deletions, truncations, rearrangement,as well as abnormal c-Met receptor processing and defective negativeregulatory mechanisms.

In some embodiments, the salt of the invention is useful in treatingdiseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, lung fibrosis, renal fibrosisand regeneration, liver disease, allergic disorder, inflammatorydisease, autoimmune disorder, cerebrovascular disease, cardiovasculardisease, or condition associated with organ transplantation. In furtherembodiments, the compounds of the invention can be useful in methods ofinhibiting tumor growth or metastasis of a tumor in a patient.

Example cancers treatable by the methods herein include bladder cancer,breast cancer, cervical cancer, cholangiocarcinoma cancer, colorectalcancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, cancerof the kidney, liver cancer, lung cancer, nasopharygeal cancer, ovariancancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer,osteosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, MFH/fibrosarcoma,leiomyosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, adult Tcell leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia,glioblastoma, astrocytoma, melanoma, mesothelioma, or Wilm's tumor, andthe like.

As used herein, the term “cell” is meant to refer to a cell that is invitro, ex vivo or in vivo. In some embodiments, an ex vivo cell can bepart of a tissue sample excised from an organism such as a mammal. Insome embodiments, an in vitro cell can be a cell in a cell culture. Insome embodiments, an in vivo cell is a cell living in an organism suchas a mammal.

As used herein, the term “contacting” refers to the bringing together ofindicated moieties in an in vitro system or an in vivo system. Forexample, “contacting” a compound of the invention with a protein kinaseincludes the administration of a compound of the present invention to anindividual or patient, such as a human, as well as, for example,introducing a compound of the invention into a sample containing acellular or purified preparation of the protein kinase.

As used herein, the term “individual” or “patient,” usedinterchangeably, refers to any animal, including mammals, preferablymice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep,horses, or primates, and most preferably humans.

As used herein, the term “treating” or “treatment” refers to one or moreof (1) preventing the disease; for example, preventing a disease,condition or disorder in an individual who may be predisposed to thedisease, condition or disorder but does not yet experience or displaythe pathology or symptomatology of the disease; (2) inhibiting thedisease; for example, inhibiting a disease, condition or disorder in anindividual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology orsymptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder; and (3)ameliorating the disease; for example, ameliorating a disease, conditionor disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying thepathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e.,reversing the pathology and/or symptomatology) such as decreasing theseverity of disease.

Combination Therapy

One or more additional pharmaceutical agents or treatment methods suchas, for example, chemotherapeutics, anti-cancer agents, cytotoxicagents, or anti-cancer therapies (e.g., radiation, hormone, etc.), canbe used in combination with the salt of the present invention fortreatment of the diseases, disorders or conditions described herein. Theagents or therapies can be administered together with the salt of theinvention (e.g., combined into a single dosage form), or the agents ortherapies can be administered simultaneously or sequentially by separateroutes of administration.

Suitable anti-cancer agents include kinase inhibiting agents includingtrastuzumab (Herceptin), imatinib (Gleevec), gefitinib (Iressa),erlotinib hydrochloride (Tarceva), cetuximab (Erbitux), bevacizumab(Avastin), sorafenib (Nexavar), sunitinib (Sutent), and RTK inhibitorsdescribed in, for example, WO 2005/004808, WO 2005/004607, WO2005/005378, WO 2004/076412, WO 2005/121125, WO 2005/039586, WO2005/028475, WO 2005/040345, WO 2005/039586, WO 2003/097641, WO2003/087026, WO 2005/040154, WO 2005/030140, WO 2006/014325, WO2005/070891, WO 2005/073224, WO 2005/113494, and US Pat. App. Pub. Nos.2005/0085473, 2006/0046991, and 2005/0075340.

Suitable chemotherapeutic or other anti-cancer agents further include,for example, alkylating agents (including, without limitation, nitrogenmustards, ethylenimine derivatives, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosoureas andtriazenes) such as uracil mustard, chlormethine, cyclophosphamide(Cytoxan™), ifosfamide, melphalan, chlorambucil, pipobroman,triethylenemelamine, triethylenethiophosphoramine, busulfan, carmustine,lomustine, streptozocin, dacarbazine, and temozolomide.

Suitable chemotherapeutic or other anti-cancer agents further include,for example, antimetabolites (including, without limitation, folic acidantagonists, pyrimidine analogs, purine analogs and adenosine deaminaseinhibitors) such as methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, floxuridine,cytarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, fludarabine phosphate,pentostatine, and gemcitabine.

Suitable chemotherapeutic or other anti-cancer agents further include,for example, certain natural products and their derivatives (forexample, vinca alkaloids, antitumor antibiotics, enzymes, lymphokinesand epipodophyllotoxins) such as vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine,bleomycin, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin,idarubicin, ara-C, paclitaxel (Taxol™), mithramycin, deoxyco-formycin,mitomycin-C, L-asparaginase, interferons (especially IFN-a), etoposide,and teniposide.

Other cytotoxic agents include navelbene, CPT-11, anastrazole,letrazole, capecitabine, reloxafine, cyclophosphamide, ifosamide, anddroloxafine.

Also suitable are cytotoxic agents such as epidophyllotoxin; anantineoplastic enzyme; a topoisomerase inhibitor; procarbazine;mitoxantrone; platinum coordination complexes such as cis-platin andcarboplatin; biological response modifiers; growth inhibitors;antihormonal therapeutic agents; leucovorin; tegafur; and haematopoieticgrowth factors.

Other anti-cancer agent(s) include antibody therapeutics such astrastuzumab (Herceptin), antibodies to costimulatory molecules such asCTLA-4, 4-1BB and PD-1, or antibodies to cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β, etc.).Further antibody therapeutics include antibodies to tyrosine kinasesand/or their ligands such as anti-HGF antibodies and/or anti-c-Metantibodies. The term “antibody” is meant to include whole antibodies(e.g., monoclonal, polyclonal, chimeric, humanized, human, etc.) as wellas antigen-binding fragments thereof.

Other anti-cancer agents also include those that block immune cellmigration such as antagonists to chemokine receptors, including CCR2 andCCR4.

Other anti-cancer agents also include those that augment the immunesystem such as adjuvants or adoptive T cell transfer.

Other anti-cancer agents include anti-cancer vaccines such as dendriticcells, synthetic peptides, DNA vaccines and recombinant viruses.

Methods for the safe and effective administration of most of the aboveagents are known to those skilled in the art. In addition, theiradministration is described in the standard literature. For example, theadministration of many of the chemotherapeutic agents is described inthe “Physicians' Desk Reference” (PDR, e.g., 1996 edition, MedicalEconomics Company, Montvale, N.J.), the disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety.

Intermediates and Processes

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a process ofpreparing a particular form of the dihydrochloride salt by a processcomprising:

-   -   a) reacting a first mixture comprising        2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide        and water with at least two equivalents of hydrochloric acid in        a solvent comprising water to form a second mixture; and    -   b) combining the second mixture with methyl tert-butyl ether.

In some embodiments, step a) is carried out at a temperature of about 20to about 30° C.

In some embodiments, step a) and b) are carried out at about roomtemperature.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a process ofpreparing a particular form of the dihydrochloride salt by a processcomprising:

-   -   a) reacting a first mixture comprising        2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide        and methanol with at least two equivalents of hydrochloric acid        in a solvent comprising isopropanol to form a second mixture;        and    -   b) combining the second mixture with acetone.

In some embodiments, step a) and b) are carried out at a temperature ofabout 50 to about 60° C.

In some embodiments, step a) and b) are carried out at a temperature ofabout 55° C.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a process ofpreparing a particular form of the dibenzensulfonic acid salt,comprising:

-   -   a) reacting a first mixture comprising        2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide        and methanol with at least two equivalents of benzenesulfonic        acid in a solvent comprising isopropanol; and    -   b) combining the second mixture with methyl tert-butyl ether.

In some embodiments, step a) and b) are carried out at a temperature ofabout 50 to about 60° C. In some embodiments, step a) and b) are carriedout at a temperature of about 55° C.

The present invention also provides, inter alia, processes andintermediates useful in the preparation of2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)-imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamideand the salts thereof, including the salts of the invention.

For example, in some embodiments, the present invention provides acompound of Formula III:

or salt thereof

The present invention also provides a compound of Formula II:

wherein X¹ is chloro, iodo, or bromo.

In some embodiments, X₁ is chloro.

The present invention further provides a process of preparing a compoundof Formula I:

or salt thereofcomprising reacting a compound of Formula II:

with a compound of Formula III:

to form a compound of Formula I, or salt thereofwherein X₁ is chloro, bromo, or iodo.

In some embodiments, X₁ is chloro.

In some embodiments, the reacting is carried out in a solvent such asethylene glycol. In some embodiments, the reaction is conducted at atemperature of from about 120° C. to about 150° C., or from about 130°C. to about 140° C. In some embodiments, the reacting is carried out forabout three to about four hours.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises reacting the compoundof Formula I, or salt thereof, with a strong acid to form compound ofFormula IV:

or salt thereof

In some embodiments, the acid is hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid. Insome embodiments, the acid is concentrated hydrochloric acid.

In some embodiments, the reacting of the compound of Formula I with astrong acid is carried out at a temperature of from about 80° C. toabout 120° C., from about 90° C. to about 110° C., or about 100° C. Insome embodiments, the reacting is carried out for about 15 to about 24hours, or about 18 hours.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises reacting the compoundof Formula IV, or salt thereof, with CH₃NH₂ in the presence of at leastone coupling agent to form a compound of Formula V:

or salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the coupling agent is selected from1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC),N-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt),(benzotriazol-1-yloxyl)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexaflurophosphate(PyBOP), and salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the reacting of the compound of Formula IV withCH₃NH₂ is carried out at a temperature of from about 15° C. to about 40°C., from about 15° C. to about 25° C., about 30° C., or about roomtemperature. In some embodiments, the reacting is carried out in asolvent, including, but not limited to, acetonitrile. In someembodiments, the reacting is carried out in the presence of a base,including, but not limited to, a tertiary amine, such as triethylamine.In some embodiments, the CH₃NH₂ is present in an amount of about 1 toabout 10 equivalents, about 2 to about 8 equivalents, or about 3 toabout 6 equivalents.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises:

-   -   a) reacting the compound of Formula IV:

or salt thereof, with a halogenating agent, to form a compound ofFormula VI:

or salt thereof and

-   -   b) reacting the compound of Formula VI, or salt thereof, with        CH₃NH₂ to form a compound of Formula V:

or salt thereof; wherein X₂ is halogen.

In some embodiments, X₂ is chloro. In some embodiments, the halogenatingagent is thionyl chloride. In some embodiments, the halogenating agentis oxalyl chloride.

In some embodiments, the reacting of the compound of Formula IV with ahalogentating agent is carried out at a temperature of from about 50° C.to about 80° C., from about 60° C. to about 75° C., or about 72° C. Insome embodiments, the reacting is carried out in a solvent, including,but not limited to, toluene. In some embodiments, the halogenating agentis present in an amount of about 1 to about 20 equivalents, about 8 toabout 12 equivalents, or about 10 equivalents.

In some embodiments, the reacting of the compound of Formula VI withCH₃NH₂ is carried out at a temperature of from about 0° C. to about 35°C., from about 0 to about 10° C., or about room temperature. In someembodiments, the reacting is carried out in a solvent, including, butnot limited to, tetrahydrofuran. In some embodiments, the CH₃NH₂ ispresent in an amount of about 1 to about 20 equivalents, about 8 toabout 12 equivalents, or about 10 equivalents.

In some embodiments, step b) is carried out in the presence of a base(e.g., a tertiary amine).

In some embodiments, the process further comprises preparing thecompound of Formula II:

by a process comprising reacting a compound of Formula IIa:

with a compound of Formula IIb:

wherein X₁ is chloro, bromo, or iodo.

In some embodiments, X₁ is chloro.

In some embodiments, the reacting is carried out in the presence ofproline. In some embodiments, the reacting is carried out in thepresence of proline and benzoic acid. In some embodiments, the reactingof the compound of Formula IIa with the compound of Formula IIb iscarried out at a temperature of from about 0° C. to about 50° C., fromabout 20° C. to about 40° C., or about 20° C. In some embodiments, thereacting is carried out in a solvent, including, but not limited to,methylene chloride. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula IIb ispresent in an amount of about 1 to about 2 equivalents, about 1 to about1.5 equivalents, about 1 to about 1.2 equivalents, or about 1.05equivalents. In some embodiments, proline is present in an amount ofabout 0.1 to about 0.5 equivalents, or about 0.1 to about 0.2equivalents. In some embodiments, proline is present in an amount ofabout 0.1 equivalents and benzoic acid is present in an amount of about0.1 equivalents.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises preparing thecompound of Formula IIa by a process comprising reacting a compound ofFormula IIc:

with prop-2-en-1-ol in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a base;wherein X₃ is chloro, bromo, or iodo.

In some embodiments, X₃ is bromo.

In some embodiments, Heck coupling reaction conditions are utilized,using palladium(0) or palladium(II) catalysts and performed underconditions known in the art (see, e.g., Melpolder and Heck, J. Org.Chem. 1976, 41, 265-272, or Littke and Fu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123,6989-7000, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety). In someembodiments, the palladium catalyst is Pd₂(dba)₃(tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)). In some embodiments, thepalladium catalyst is present in an amount of about 0.01 to about 0.1equivalents, about 0.01 to about 0.05 equivalents, about 0.01 to about0.02 equivalents, or about 0.015 equivalents. In some embodiments, thereacting further comprises reacting in the presence of a phosphineligand, or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the phosphine ligand, orsalt thereof, is tris(t-butyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate. In someembodiments, the ligand is present in an amount of about 0.01 to about0.05 equivalents, or about 0.03 equivalents.

In some embodiments, the base is an inorganic base. In some embodiments,the base is an organic base. In some embodiments, the base is a tertiaryamine, including but not limited to,N-methyl-N-cyclohexylcyclohexylamine. In some embodiments, the base isan alkali metal carbonate. In some embodiments, the base is present inan amount of about 1 to about 5 equivalents, about 1 to about 2equivalents, about 1 to about 1.5 equivalents, or about 1.2 equivalents.

In some embodiments, the reacting of the compound of Formula IIc withprop-2-en-1-ol is carried out at a temperature of from about 40° C. toabout 80° C., from about 50° C. to about 70° C., or from about 50° C. toabout 55° C. In some embodiments, the reacting is carried out in asolvent, including, but not limited to dioxane. In some embodiments,prop-2-en-1-ol is present in an amount of about 1 to about 3equivalents, or about 2 equivalents.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises preparing thecompound of Formula IIa by a process comprising reacting a compound ofFormula IId:

with an acid of formula HX′;wherein X′ is chloro, bromo, or iodo.

In some embodiments, X′ is chloro.

In some embodiments, the reacting of the compound of Formula IId withthe acid is carried out at a temperature of from about 0° C. to about20° C., from about 0° C. to about 10° C., or from about 0° C. to about5° C. In some embodiments, the reacting is carried out in a solvent,including, but not limited to, ethyl acetate.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises preparing a compoundof Formula IId by a process comprising reducing a compound of FormulaIIe:

with hydrogen gas in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst.

In some embodiments, the hydrogenation catalyst is palladium-on-carbon.In some embodiments, the hydrogen gas is at a pressure of about 1atomosphere. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the reacting ofthe compound of Formula IIe with hydrogen gas is carried out at aboutroom temperature.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises preparing a compoundof Formula He by a process comprising reacting a compound of Formula IIcwith a compound of Formula IIf (Sonogashira coupling using, e.g., themethod of Ziesel or Kelly, Suffert and Ziesel, Tetrahedron Lett. 1991,32, 757; Kelly, Lee, and Mears, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2774):

in the presence of a coupling catalyst and a base.

In some embodiments, the coupling catalyst is a palladium catalyst,including, but not limited to, palladium acetate. In some embodiments,the catalyst is a mixture of palladium acetate and CuI. In someembodiments, the base is an inorganic base. In some embodiments, thebase is an organic base. In some embodiments, the base is a tertiaryamine, including but not limited to, triethylamine. In some embodiments,the base is an alkali metal carbonate. In some embodiments, the base ispresent in an amount of about 2 to about 10 equivalents, about 4 toabout 9 equivalents, about 6 to about 8 equivalents, or about 7.2equivalents.

In some embodiments, the reacting further comprises reacting in thepresence of a phosphine ligand, or salt thereof, including, but notlimited to, triphenylphosphine. In some embodiments, the palladiumacetate is present in an amount of about 0.01 to about 0.05 equivalents,or about 0.03 equivalents. In some embodiments, the copper(I) iodide ispresent in an amount of about 0.005 to about 0.2 equivalents, or about0.01 equivalents. In some embodiments, the phosphine ligand, or saltthereof, is present in an amount of about 0.005 to about 0.2equivalents, or about 0.012 equivalents.

In some embodiments, the reacting is carried out at a temperature offrom about 70° C. to about 100° C., from about 80° C. to about 100° C.,or about 90° C. In some embodiments, the reacting is carried out in asolvent, including, but not limited to dimethylformamide. In someembodiments, the compound of Formula IIf is present in an amount ofabout 1 to about 3 equivalents, or about 2 equivalents.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises preparing a compoundof Formula IId:

by a process comprising reacting a compound of Formula IIg:

with 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN), followed by reacting with acompound of Formula IIc:

in the presence of a coupling catalyst to form the compound of FormulaIId, wherein X₃ is chloro, bromo, or iodo.

In some embodiments, X₃ is chloro.

In some embodiments, the 9-BBN is added directly. In some embodiments,the 9-BBN is generated in situ (Soderquist and Negron, J. Org. Chem.,1987, 52, 3441-3442). In some embodiments, the compound of Formula IIgis present in an amount of about 1 to about 3 equivalents, or about 1.5to about 2.5 equivalents, or about 1.75 equivalents.

In some embodiments, coupling reaction conditions are utilized, usingpalladium(0) or palladium(II) catalysts and performed under conditionsknown in the art (see, e.g., Miyaura and Suzuki, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95,2457-2483, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety). In someembodiments, the palladium catalyst is palladium(II) acetate. In someembodiments, the palladium catalyst is present in an amount of about ofabout 0.01 to about 0.1 equivalents, about 0.01 to about 0.1equivalents, about 0.02 to about 0.07 equivalents, or about 0.05equivalents.

In some embodiments, the reacting further comprises reacting in thepresence of a phosphine ligand, or salt thereof. In some embodiments,the phosphine ligand is tricyclohexylphosphine. In some embodiments, thephosphine ligand, or salt thereof is present in an amount of about 0.05to about 0.2 equivalents, or about 0.1 equivalents.

In some embodiments, the second step is carried out in a solvent,including, but not limited to, tetrahydrofuran, water, or mixturesthereof.

In some embodiments, the second step is carried out at the refluxtemperature.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises preparing thecompound of Formula III by a process comprising reacting a compound ofFormula IIIa:

with a compound of Formula IIIb:

in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a base; wherein:

-   -   X₄ is chloro, bromo or iodo; and    -   each R_(a) is, independently, C₁₋₆ alkyl; or    -   each R_(a), along with the two oxygen atoms and boron atom form        a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring; wherein the heterocyclic        ring is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently        selected C₁₋₄ alkyl groups.

In some embodiments, X₄ is bromo.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula IIIb has formula IIIb-1:

In some embodiments, X₄ is bromo.

In some embodiments, Suzuki coupling reaction conditions are utilized,using palladium(0) or palladium(II) catalysts and performed underconditions known in the art (see, e.g., Miyaura and Suzuki, Chem. Rev.1995, 95, 2457-2483, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety). Insome embodiments, the palladium catalyst is1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene dichloropalladium(II)(Pd(dppf)₂Cl₂). In some embodiments, the palladium catalyst is presentin an amount of about of about 0.1 to about 0.5 equivalents, about 0.2to about 0.4 equivalents, or about 0.3 equivalents.

In some embodiments, the base is an inorganic base. In some embodiments,the base is an organic base. In some embodiments, the base is a tertiaryamine. In some embodiments, the base is an alkali metal carbonate (e.g.,potassium carbonate or sodium carbonate).

In some embodiments, the reacting is carried out at a temperature offrom about 60° C. to about 100° C., from about 70° C. to about 90° C.,from about 80° C. to about 90° C., or about 86° C. In some embodiments,the reacting is carried out in a solvent, including, but not limited to,dioxane. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula Mb or IIIb-1 ispresent in an amount of about 1 to about 2 equivalents, or about 1.3equivalents.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises preparing thecompound of Formula IIIa by reacting 1,2,4-triazine-3-amine with ahalogenating agent.

In some embodiments, X₄ is bromo; and the halogenating agent isN-bromosuccinimide. In some embodiments, the halogenating agent ispresent in an amount of about 1 to about 2 equivalents, or about 1 toabout 1.1 equivalents.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises preparing1,2,4-triazine-3-amine by a process comprising reacting glyoxal withaminoguanidine, or salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises preparing thecompound of Formula IIIb-1 by a process comprising:

-   -   a) reacting a compound of Formula IIIc:

a reagent of formula R₁MgY, followed by reacting with a compound offormula B(OR₂)₃ to form a compound of Formula IIId:

and

-   -   b) after the reacting in step a), reacting the compound of        Formula IIId with an acid, followed by reacting with pinacol to        form the compound of Formula IIIb-1;        wherein:    -   R₁ is C₁₋₆ alkyl;

each R₂ is, independently, C₁₋₆ alkyl; and

-   -   X₅ is chloro, bromo, or iodo.

In some embodiments, X₅ is bromo. In some embodiments, R₁ is isopropyl.In some embodiments, R₂ is methyl. In some embodiments, the B(OR₂)₃ ispresent in an amount of about 1 to about 2 equivalents, or about 1.4equivalents. In some embodiments, step a) is carried out a temperatureof from about 0 to about 25° C., or from about 7 to about 16° C.

In some embodiments, the pinacol is present in an amount of about 1 toabout 3 equivalents, or about 2 equivalents. In some embodiments, stepb) is carried out at a temperature of about room temperature to about50° C. In some embodiments, step b) is carried out in a solvent,including but not limited to, cyclohexane.

The present invention further provides a process of preparing a compoundof Formula I:

or salt thereof; comprising:

-   -   a) reacting a compound of Formula II:

with a compound of Formula VII:

to form a compound of Formula VIa:

and

-   -   b) reacting the compound the compound of Formula VIa with with        Zn(CN)₂ and Zn in the presence of a catalyst to form the        compound of Formula I, or salt thereof;        wherein X₆ is chloro, bromo, or iodo.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is converted to acompound of Formula V by the process steps described supra.

In some embodiments, X₆ is bromo.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula II and the compound ofFormula VII are present in about 1.1 to about 0.67 equivalents,respectively. In some embodiments, step a) is carried out in a solvent,including, but not limited to, 1-butanol. In some embodiments, step a)is carried out at a temperature of about 100° C. to about 120° C., orabout 110° C.

In some embodiments, the catalyst is a palladium(II) or palladium(0)catalyst. In some embodiments, the catalyst further comprises aphosphine ligand. In some embodiments, the catalyst is1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene dichloropalladium(II)(Pd(dppf)₂Cl₂). In some embodiments, the Zn is present in an amount ofabout 0.1 to about 0.3 equivalents, or about 0.2 equivalents. In someembodiments, the Zn(CN)₂ is present in an amount of about 0.5 to about 1equivalents, or about 0.6 equivalents. In some embodiments, the catalystis present in an amount of about 0.03 to about 0.1 equivalent, or about0.06 equivalent. In some embodiments, step b) is carried out in asolvent, including, but not limited to, dimethylacetamide, water, or amixture thereof. In some embodiments, step b) is carried out at atemperature of about 100° C. to about 120° C., or about 110° C.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises preparing thecompound of Formula VII by a process comprising reacting a compound ofFormula VIII:

with aminoguanidine, or salt thereof, and a base;wherein X₆ is chloro, bromo, or iodo.

In some embodiments, X₆ is bromo.

In some embodiments, the base is an alkali metal hydroxide (e.g., sodiumhydroxide or potassium hydroxide). In some embodiments, the base ispotassium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the aminoguanidine, or saltthereof, is present in an amount of about 1 to about 3 equivalents, orabout 2 equivalents. In some embodiments, the base is present in anamount of about 3 to about 5 equivalents, or about 4 equivalents. Insome embodiments, the reacting is carried out at a temperature of fromabout 60° C. to about 80° C., or about 75° C.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises preparing forming thecompound of Formula VIII by a process comprising reacting a compound ofFormula IX:

with triethyl orthoformate to form a compound of Formula VIII in thepresence of an acid; wherein X₆ is chloro, bromo, or iodo.

In some embodiments, X₆ is bromo.

In some embodiments, the acid is p-toluenesulfonic acid. In someembodiments, the reacting is carried out at a temperature of from about100° C. to about 120° C., or about 110° C. In some embodiments, thetriethyl orthoformate is present in an amount of about 1 to about 4equivalents, about 2 to about 3 equivalents, or about 2.5 equivalents.In some embodiments, the acid is present in an amount of about 0.1 toabout 1 equivalents, about 0.2 to about 0.6 equivalents, or about 0.4equivalents.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises preparing thecompound of Formula IX by a process comprising reacting a compound ofFormula X:

with a strong acid to form the compound of Formula IX;wherein X₆ is chloro, bromo, or iodo.

In some embodiments, X₆ is bromo. In some embodiments, the acid hasformula HX′, wherein X′ is chloro, bromo or iodo. In some embodiments,X′ is bromo. In some embodiments, the reacting is carried out in asolvent, including, but not limited to, dimethylsulfoxide. In someembodiments, the acid is HBr combined with DMSO as described in Floyd,Du, Fabio, Jacob, and Johnson J. Org. Chem., 1985, 50, 5022-5027. Insome embodiments, the addition of the strong acid is carried out atabout room temperature and then the reaction mixture is heated to atemperature of from about 50° C. to about 70° C., or about 60° C.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises preparing thecompound of Formula X by a process comprising reacting the compound ofFormula XI:

with CH₃MgBr to form a compound of Formula X;wherein X₆ is chloro, bromo, or iodo.

In some embodiments, the CH₃MgBr is present in an amount of about 1 toabout 3 equivalents, or about 1.7 equivalents. In some embodiments, thereacting is carried out at a temperature of about 0° C. to about 15° C.,about 0° C. to about 5° C., or at about 0° C.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises preparing thecompound of Formula XI by a process comprising reacting the compound ofFormula XII:

with oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride, followed by treating withdimethyl hydroxylamine, or salt thereof to form a compound of FormulaXI.

In some embodiments, the reacting is carried out with oxalyl chloride.In some embodiments, the oxalyl chloride is present in an amount ofabout 1 to about 2 equivalents, or about 1.4 to about 1.5 equivalents.In some embodiments, the reacting is carried out in a solvent, includingbut not limited to, methylene chloride. In some embodiments, thereacting is carried out at a temperature of about room temperature.

In some embodiments, any of the intermediates described in theembodiments herein may be present as the free base. In some embodiments,any of the intermediates described in the embodiments herein may bepresent as a salt. In some embodiments, the intermediates describedherein are the hydrate or solvate form.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides any of theindividual process steps or intermediate compounds described supra.

At various places in the present specification, substituents ofcompounds are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It is specificallyintended that the compounds include each and every individualsubcombination of the members of such groups and ranges. For example,the term “C₁₋₆ alkyl” is specifically intended to individually disclosemethyl, ethyl, C₃ alkyl, C₄ alkyl, C₅ alkyl, and C₆ alkyl.

It is further appreciated that certain features, which are, for clarity,described in the context of separate embodiments, can also be providedin combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various featureswhich are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment,can also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination.

As used herein, the phrase “optionally substituted” means unsubstitutedor substituted. As used herein, the term “substituted” means that ahydrogen atom is removed and replaced by a substitutent. It isunderstood that substitution at a given atom is limited by valency.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkyl”, employed alone or incombination with other terms, refers to a saturated hydrocarbon groupthat may be straight-chain or branched, having n to m carbon atoms. Insome embodiments, the alkyl group contains 1 to 12, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, or 1to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl moieties include, but are notlimited to, chemical groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl,n-butyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, n-pentyl,3-pentyl, n-hexyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and thelike.

As used herein, the term “5-membered or 6-member heterocyclic ring” inthe context of a moiety of formula —B(OR_(a))₂, refers to a saturatedmonocyclic ring with 5 or 6 ring members including the two oxygen atomsand the one boron atom, wherein the remaining 2 or 3 ring members arecarbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “about” refers to plus or minus 10% of thevalue.

As used herein, the expressions, “ambient temperature” and “roomtemperature,” as used herein, are understood in the art, and refergenerally to a temperature, e.g. a reaction temperature, that is aboutthe temperature of the room in which the reaction is carried out, forexample, a temperature from about 20° C. to about 30° C.

The processes described herein can be monitored according to anysuitable method known in the art. For example, product formation can bemonitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonancespectroscopy (e.g., ¹H or ¹³C), infrared spectroscopy, orspectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible); or by chromatography such as highperformance liquid chromatograpy (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography(TLC).

As used herein, the term “reacting” is used as known in the art andgenerally refers to the bringing together of chemical reagents in such amanner so as to allow their interaction at the molecular level toachieve a chemical or physical transformation. In some embodiments, thereacting involves two reagents, wherein one or more equivalents ofsecond reagent are used with respect to the first reagent. The reactingsteps of the processes described herein can be conducted for a time andunder conditions suitable for preparing the identified product.

The compounds can also include salt forms of the compounds andintermediates described herein. Examples of salts (or salt forms)include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basicresidues such as amines, alkali or organic salts of acidic residues suchas carboxylic acids, and the like. Generally, the salt forms can beprepared by reacting the free base or acid with stoichiometric amountsor with an excess of the desired salt-forming inorganic or organic acidor base in a suitable solvent or various combinations of solvents.

The compounds and intermediates also include pharmaceutically acceptablesalts of the compounds disclosed herein. As used herein, the term“pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt formed by theaddition of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base to a compounddisclosed herein. As used herein, the phrase “pharmaceuticallyacceptable” refers to a substance that is acceptable for use inpharmaceutical applications from a toxicological perspective and doesnot adversely interact with the active ingredient. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, including mono- and bi-salts, include, but are notlimited to, those derived from organic and inorganic acids such as, butnot limited to, acetic, lactic, citric, cinnamic, tartaric, succinic,fumaric, maleic, malonic, mandelic, malic, oxalic, propionic,hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, nitric, sulfuric, glycolic,pyruvic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, salicylic,benzoic, and similarly known acceptable acids. Lists of suitable saltsare found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., MackPublishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 1418 and Journal ofPharmaceutical Science, 66, 2 (1977), each of which is incorporatedherein by reference in their entireties.

Preparation of compounds can involve the protection and deprotection ofvarious chemical groups. The need for protection and deprotection, andthe selection of appropriate protecting groups can be readily determinedby one skilled in the art. The chemistry of protecting groups can befound, for example, in Greene, et al., Protective Groups in OrganicSynthesis, 4d. Ed., Wiley & Sons, 2007, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety. Adjustments to the protecting groups andformation and cleavage methods described herein may be adjusted asnecessary in light of the various substituents.

The reactions of the processes described herein can be carried out insuitable solvents which can be readily selected by one of skill in theart of organic synthesis. Suitable solvents can be substantiallynonreactive with the starting materials (reactants), the intermediates,or products at the temperatures at which the reactions are carried out,e.g., temperatures which can range from the solvent's freezingtemperature to the solvent's boiling temperature. A given reaction canbe carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent.Depending on the particular reaction step, suitable solvents for aparticular reaction step can be selected. In some embodiments, reactionscan be carried out in the absence of solvent, such as when at least oneof the reagents is a liquid or gas.

Suitable solvents can include halogenated solvents such as carbontetrachloride, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, bromoform,chloroform, bromochloromethane, dibromomethane, butyl chloride,dichloromethane, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene,1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethane,2-chloropropane, α,α,α-trifluorotoluene, 1,2-dichloroethane,1,2-dibromoethane, hexafluorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene,1,2-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, mixtures thereof andthe like.

Suitable ether solvents include: dimethoxymethane, tetrahydrofuran,1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, furan, diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethylether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether,diethylene glycol diethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether,anisole, t-butyl methyl ether, mixtures thereof and the like.

Suitable protic solvents can include, by way of example and withoutlimitation, water, methanol, ethanol, 2-nitroethanol, 2-fluoroethanol,2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, ethylene glycol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol,2-methoxyethanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, i-butyl alcohol, t-butylalcohol, 2-ethoxyethanol, diethylene glycol, 1-, 2-, or 3-pentanol,neo-pentyl alcohol, t-pentyl alcohol, diethylene glycol monomethylether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol,phenol, or glycerol.

Suitable aprotic solvents can include, by way of example and withoutlimitation, tetrahydrofuran (THF), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF),N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA),1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU),1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP),formamide, N-methylacetamide, N-methylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethylsulfoxide, propionitrile, ethyl formate, methyl acetate,hexachloroacetone, acetone, ethyl methyl ketone, ethyl acetate,sulfolane, N,N-dimethylpropionamide, tetramethylurea, nitromethane,nitrobenzene, or hexamethylphosphoramide.

Suitable hydrocarbon solvents include benzene, cyclohexane, pentane,hexane, toluene, cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, heptane, ethylbenzene,m-, o-, or p-xylene, octane, indane, nonane, or naphthalene.

Supercritical carbon dioxide and ionic liquids can also be used assolvents.

The reactions of the processes described herein can be carried out atappropriate temperatures which can be readily determined by the skilledartisan. Reaction temperatures will depend on, for example, the meltingand boiling points of the reagents and solvent, if present; thethermodynamics of the reaction (e.g., vigorously exothermic reactionsmay need to be carried out at reduced temperatures); and the kinetics ofthe reaction (e.g., a high activation energy barrier may need elevatedtemperatures). “Elevated temperature” refers to temperatures above roomtemperature (about 22° C.).

The reactions of the processes described herein can be carried out inair or under an inert atmosphere. Typically, reactions containingreagents or products that are substantially reactive with air can becarried out using air-sensitive synthetic techniques that are well knownto the skilled artisan.

In some embodiments, preparation of compounds can involve the additionof acids or bases to effect, for example, catalysis of a desiredreaction or formation of salt forms such as acid addition salts.

Example acids can be inorganic or organic acids. Inorganic acids includehydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, andnitric acid. Organic acids include formic acid, acetic acid, propionicacid, butanoic acid, benzoic acid, 4-nitrobenzoic acid, methanesulfonicacid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, tartaric acid,trifluoroacetic acid, propiolic acid, butyric acid, 2-butynoic acid,vinyl acetic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid,octanoic acid, nonanoic acid and decanoic acid.

Example bases include lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassiumhydroxide, lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, and potassium carbonate.Some example strong bases include, but are not limited to, hydroxide,alkoxides, metal amides, metal hydrides, metal dialkylamides andarylamines, wherein; alkoxides include lithium, sodium and potassiumsalts of methyl, ethyl and t-butyl oxides; metal amides include sodiumamide, potassium amide and lithium amide; metal hydrides include sodiumhydride, potassium hydride and lithium hydride; and metal dialkylamidesinclude sodium and potassium salts of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl,n-butyl, t-butyl, trimethylsilyl and cyclohexyl substituted amides.

Upon carrying out preparation of compounds according to the processesdescribed herein, the usual isolation and purification operations suchas concentration, filtration, extraction, solid-phase extraction,recrystallization, chromatography, and the like may be used, to isolatethe desired products.

Pharmaceutical Formulations and Dosage Forms

When employed as pharmaceuticals, the salts of the invention can beadministered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions, such as a saltof the invention combined with at least one pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier. These compositions can be prepared in a manner well known inthe pharmaceutical arts, and can be administered by a variety of routes,depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and uponthe area to be treated. Administration may be topical (includingophthalmic and to mucous membranes including intranasal, vaginal andrectal delivery), pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation ofpowders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal,epidermal and transdermal), ocular, oral or parenteral. Methods forocular delivery can include topical administration (eye drops),subconjunctival, periocular or intravitreal injection or introduction byballoon catheter or ophthalmic inserts surgically placed in theconjunctival sac. Parenteral administration includes intravenous,intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injectionor infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular,administration. Parenteral administration can be in the form of a singlebolus dose, or may be, for example, by a continuous perfusion pump.Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administrationmay include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels,drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventionalpharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners andthe like may be necessary or desirable.

This invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions which contain,as the active ingredient, a salt of the invention above in combinationwith one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. In making thecompositions of the invention, the active ingredient is typically mixedwith an excipient, diluted by an excipient or enclosed within such acarrier in the form of, for example, a capsule, sachet, paper, or othercontainer. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid,semi-solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle, carrier ormedium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in theform of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs,suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in aliquid medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 10% by weightof the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories,sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders.

In preparing a formulation, the active compound can be milled to providethe appropriate particle size prior to combining with the otheringredients. If the active compound is substantially insoluble, it canbe milled to a particle size of less than 200 mesh. If the activecompound is substantially water soluble, the particle size can beadjusted by milling to provide a substantially uniform distribution inthe formulation, e.g. about 40 mesh.

The salt of the invention may be milled using known milling proceduressuch as wet milling to obtain a particle size appropriate for tabletformation and for other formulation types. Finely divided(nanoparticulate) preparations of the salt of the invention can beprepared by processes known in the art, for example see InternationalPatent Application No. WO 2002/000196.

Some examples of suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose,sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates,tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose,polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, and methyl cellulose. Theformulations can additionally include: lubricating agents such as talc,magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying andsuspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- andpropylhydroxy-benzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents. Thecompositions of the invention can be formulated so as to provide quick,sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient afteradministration to the patient by employing procedures known in the art.

The compositions can be formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosagecontaining from about 5 to about 100 mg, more usually about 10 to about30 mg, of the active ingredient. The term “unit dosage forms” refers tophysically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjectsand other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity ofactive material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, inassociation with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient.

The active compound can be effective over a wide dosage range and isgenerally administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. It willbe understood, however, that the amount of the compound actuallyadministered will usually be determined by a physician, according to therelevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, thechosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, theage, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of thepatient's symptoms, and the like.

For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principal activeingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solidpreformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of acompound of the present invention. When referring to thesepreformulation compositions as homogeneous, the active ingredient istypically dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that thecomposition can be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosageforms such as tablets, pills and capsules. This solid preformulation isthen subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described abovecontaining from, for example, 0.1 to about 500 mg of the activeingredient of the present invention.

The tablets or pills of the present invention can be coated or otherwisecompounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolongedaction. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage andan outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelopeover the former. The two components can be separated by an enteric layerwhich serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permit theinner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed inrelease. A variety of materials can be used for such enteric layers orcoatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids andmixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetylalcohol, and cellulose acetate.

The liquid forms in which the compounds and compositions of the presentinvention can be incorporated for administration orally or by injectioninclude aqueous solutions, suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oilsuspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseedoil, sesame oil, coconut oil, or peanut oil, as well as elixirs andsimilar pharmaceutical vehicles.

Compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions andsuspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents,or mixtures thereof, and powders. The liquid or solid compositions maycontain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as describedsupra. In some embodiments, the compositions are administered by theoral or nasal respiratory route for local or systemic effect.Compositions in can be nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulizedsolutions may be breathed directly from the nebulizing device or thenebulizing device can be attached to a face masks tent, or intermittentpositive pressure breathing machine. Solution, suspension, or powdercompositions can be administered orally or nasally from devices whichdeliver the formulation in an appropriate manner.

The amount of compound or composition administered to a patient willvary depending upon what is being administered, the purpose of theadministration, such as prophylaxis or therapy, the state of thepatient, the manner of administration, and the like. In therapeuticapplications, compositions can be administered to a patient alreadysuffering from a disease in an amount sufficient to cure or at leastpartially arrest the symptoms of the disease and its complications.Effective doses will depend on the disease condition being treated aswell as by the judgment of the attending clinician depending uponfactors such as the severity of the disease, the age, weight and generalcondition of the patient, and the like.

The compositions administered to a patient can be in the form ofpharmaceutical compositions described above. These compositions can besterilized by conventional sterilization techniques, or may be sterilefiltered. Aqueous solutions can be packaged for use as is, orlyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterileaqueous carrier prior to administration. The pH of the compoundpreparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more preferably from 5to 9 and most preferably from 7 to 8. It will be understood that use ofcertain of the foregoing excipients, carriers, or stabilizers willresult in the formation of pharmaceutical salts.

The therapeutic dosage of the salt of the present invention can varyaccording to, for example, the particular use for which the treatment ismade, the manner of administration of the compound, the health andcondition of the patient, and the judgment of the prescribing physician.The proportion or concentration of the salt of the invention in apharmaceutical composition can vary depending upon a number of factorsincluding dosage, chemical characteristics (e.g., hydrophobicity), andthe route of administration. For example, the salt of the invention canbe provided in an aqueous physiological buffer solution containing about0.1 to about 10% w/v of the compound for parenteral administration. Sometypical dose ranges are from about 1 μg/kg to about 1 g/kg of bodyweight per day. In some embodiments, the dose range is from about 0.01mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day. The dosage is likely todepend on such variables as the type and extent of progression of thedisease or disorder, the overall health status of the particularpatient, the relative biological efficacy of the compound selected,formulation of the excipient, and its route of administration. Effectivedoses can be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from invitro or animal model test systems.

The salts of the invention can also be formulated in combination withone or more additional active ingredients which can include anypharmaceutical agent such as anti-viral agents, vaccines, antibodies,immune enhancers, immune suppressants, anti-inflammatory agents and thelike.

Labeled Compounds and Assay Methods

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a fluorescent dye,spin ladle, heavy metal or radio-labeled salt of the invention thatwould be useful not only in imaging but also in assays, both in vitroand in vivo, for localizing and quantitating the protein kinase targetin tissue samples, including human, and for identifying kinase ligandsby inhibition binding of a labeled compound. Accordingly, the presentinvention includes kinase enzyme assays that contain the labeled salt.

The present invention further includes isotopically-labeled compounds ofthe compounds of the invention. An “isotopically” or “radio-labeled”compound is a compound of the invention where one or more atoms arereplaced or substituted by an atom having an atomic mass or mass numberdifferent from the atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature(i.e., naturally occurring). Suitable radionuclides that may beincorporated in compounds of the present invention include but are notlimited to ²H (also written as D for deuterium), ³H (also written as Tfor tritium), ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹³N, ¹⁵N, ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ¹⁸F, ³⁵S, ³⁶Cl,⁸²Br, ⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁶Br, ⁷⁷Br, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I and ¹³¹I. The radionuclide thatis incorporated in the instant radio-labeled compounds will depend onthe specific application of that radio-labeled compound. For example,for in vitro labeling and competition assays, compounds that incorporate³H, ¹⁴C, ⁸²Br, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ³⁵S or will generally be most useful. Forradio-imaging applications ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹²⁵I, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹³¹I, ⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁶Bror ⁷⁷Br will generally be most useful.

It is understood that a “radio-labeled” or “labeled compound” is acompound that has incorporated at least one radionuclide. In someembodiments the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of³H, ¹⁴C, ¹²⁵I, ³⁵S and ⁸²Br.

Synthetic methods for incorporating radio-isotopes into organiccompounds are applicable to compounds of the invention and are wellknown in the art.

A radio-labeled salt of the invention can be used in a screening assayto identify/evaluate compounds. In general terms, a newly synthesized oridentified compound (i.e., test compound) can be evaluated for itsability to reduce binding of the radio-labeled salt of the invention tothe enzyme. Accordingly, the ability of a test compound to compete withthe radio-labeled salt for binding to the enzyme directly correlates toits binding affinity.

Kits

The present invention also includes pharmaceutical kits useful, forexample, in the treatment or prevention of diseases, such as cancer andother diseases referred to herein, which include one or more containerscontaining a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the salt of the invention. Such kits can furtherinclude, if desired, one or more of various conventional pharmaceuticalkit components, such as, for example, containers with one or morepharmaceutically acceptable carriers, additional containers, etc., aswill be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Instructions,either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities of the componentsto be administered, guidelines for administration, and/or guidelines formixing the components, can also be included in the kit.

The invention will be described in greater detail by way of specificexamples. The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes,and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Those ofskill in the art will readily recognize a variety of noncriticalparameters which can be changed or modified to yield essentially thesame results.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of2-Fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazolo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamidedihydrochloric acid salt

A suspension of2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazolo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide(421.2 g, 1.021 mol) (see U.S. Ser. No. 11/942,130 for preparation, thedisclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety)in methanol (MeOH, 6600 mL) was heated to 55° C. before a premixedsolution of aqueous concentrated hydrochloric acid (conc. HCl, 37 wt. %,12 M, 420 mL, 5.10 mol, 5.0 equiv) in isopropyl alcohol (IPA, 1510 mL)was added dropwise at 55° C. The resulting clear solution was stirred at55° C. for 30 min before methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 6750 mL) wasadded via an addition funnel over 30 min. The solids were slowlyprecipitated out after addition of methyl tert-butyl ether. Theresulting mixture was stirred at 55° C. for an additional 1 h beforebeing gradually cooled down to room temperature. The mixture was stirredat room temperature overnight. The solids were collected by filtration,washed with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 3×500 mL), and dried invacuum oven at 45-55° C. to constant weight. The desired2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazolo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamidedihydrochloride (470.7 g, 495.5 g theoretical, 95% yield) was obtainedas an off-white to light yellow crystalline solid. M.p. (decom.) 222°C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.46 (s, 1H), 9.25 (dd, 1H, J=5.4Hz, 1.4 Hz), 9.12 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz), 8.51 (m, 1H), 8.47 (d, 1H, J=0.9Hz), 8.34 (d, 1H, J=1.3 Hz), 8.23 (s, 1H), 8.21 (dd, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, 1.8Hz), 8.09-8.02 (m, 3H), 7.79 (dd, 1H, J=7.5 Hz, 8.3 Hz), 4.77 (s, 2H),2.78 (s, 3H, J=4.5 Hz); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 163.4, 159.4(d, J=249.9 Hz), 145.8, 145.4, 144.5, 143.8, 140.4, 138.8, 136.8, 135.9,135.7 (J=8.6 Hz), 131.2 (J=3.1 Hz), 130.7, 128.7, 128.2, 126.2 (J=14.9Hz), 126.0, 123.1 (J=3 Hz), 122.5, 121.0, 114.9 (J=5.6 Hz), 28.4, 26.3;¹⁹F NMR (376.3 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm −113.2; C₂₃H₁₇FN₆O (free base, MW412.42), LCMS (EI) m/e 413.1 (M⁺+H) and 435.0 (M⁺+Na).

Example 2 X-Ray Powder Diffraction of the Dihydrochloric Acid Salt

XRPD was carried out using a Rigaku MiniFlex X-ray Powder Diffractometerinstrument (X-ray radiation is from copper (Cu) at 1.054056 Å with Kβfilter, Start Angle—3; Stop Angle—45; Sampling—0.02; Scan speed—2). Thesample powder was dispersed on a zero-background sample holder. The XRPDpattern of the dihydrochloric acid salt prepared by the process ofExample 1 is provided in FIG. 1. Two-theta peak values are provided inTable 1 below.

TABLE 1 2-Theta Height H % 3.8 58 4 6.0 57 3.9 7.8 403 27.7 9.1 86 5.912.0 584 40.1 12.6 371 25.5 14.3 202 13.9 14.9 306 21 15.9 346 23.8 16.3277 19 17.4 247 17 18.2 1367 93.9 20.0 283 19.5 20.5 212 14.6 21.4 24016.5 21.8 60 4.1 22.4 314 21.6 23.3 281 19.3 23.9 176 12.1 24.7 136293.6 25.4 81 5.6 26.0 1456 100 27.1 226 15.5 27.4 138 9.5 28.0 142 9.829.3 962 66.1 30.5 165 11.3 31.0 502 34.5 31.9 76 5.3 33.0 485 33.3 33.4285 19.6 34.5 166 11.4 35.4 78 5.4 36.2 381 26.1 37.2 449 30.9 38.4 19013.1 39.8 82 5.7 40.5 79 5.4 42.4 99 6.8 43.7 107 7.4

Example 3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry of the Dihydrochloric AcidSalt

The dihydrochloric acid salt prepared by the process of Example 1 ischaracterized by the DSC trace shown in FIG. 2. The DSC thermogramrevealed an endothermic event with peak onset at 216.1° C. and a peak at221.91° C. The experiments were carried out on a Mettler ToledoDifferential Scanning calorimetry (DSC) 822 instrument, with an aluminumsample pan (40 μL), initial temperature of 30° C. to a final temperatureof 280° C. using a heating rate of 10° C./min.

Example 4 Thermogravimetric Analysis of the Dihydrochloric Acid Salt

The dihydrochloric acid salt prepared by the process of Example 1 ischaracterized by the TGA shown in FIG. 3. The TGA showed significantweight loss starting at 150° C. when the sample was heated from 20° C.to 600° C. at a heating rate of 20° C./min. This was followed by anexothermic event with a peak at 221.9° C. which was believed to be themelting peak. The experiments were carried out on TA Instrument Q500.

Example 5 Preparation of2-Fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazolo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamidedibenzenesulfonic acid salt

A suspension of2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazolo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide(500 mg, 1.212 mmol) in methanol (MeOH, 12 mL) was heated to 55° C.before a premixed solution of benzenesulfonic acid (578 mg, 3.65 mmol,3.01 equiv) in isopropyl alcohol (IPA, 3.66 mL) was added dropwise at55° C. The resulting clear solution was stirred at 55° C. for 30 minbefore methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 12 mL) was added dropwise via anadditional funnel. The solids were slowly precipitated out afteraddition of methyl tert-butyl ether. The resulting mixture was stirredat 55° C. for one an additional hour before being gradually cooled downto room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperatureovernight. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with methyltert-butyl ether (MTBE, 2×10 mL), and dried in vacuum oven at 45-55° C.to constant weight. The desired dibenzenesulfonic acid product (848 mg,883.3 mg theoretical, 96% yield) was obtained as off-white crystallinesolids. M.p. (decom.) 270.5° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.51(s, 1H), 9.30 (dd, 1H, J=5.4 Hz, 1.4 Hz), 9.13 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz), 8.45(m, 1H), 8.36 (d, 1H, J=0.9 Hz), 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.21 (dd, 2H, J=9.0 Hz,1.8 Hz), 8.10-8.04 (m, 3H), 7.80 (dd, 1H, J=7.5 Hz, 8.3 Hz), 7.62-7.56(m, 4H), 7.33-7.27 (m, 6H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 2.78 (d, 3H, J=4.5 Hz); ¹⁹FNMR (376.3 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm −113.2; C₂₃H₁₇FN₆O (free base, MW412.42), LCMS (EI) m/e 413.0 (M⁺+H) and 435.0 (M⁺+Na).

Example 6 X-Ray Powder Diffraction of the Dibenzenesulfonic Acid Salt

XRPD was carried out using a Rigaku MiniFlex X-ray Powder Diffractometerinstrument (X-ray radiation is from copper (Cu) at 1.054056 Å with Kβfilter, Start Angle—3; Stop Angle—45; Sampling—0.02; Scan speed—2). TheXRPD pattern of the salt prepared by the process of Example 5 isprovided in FIG. 4. Two-theta peak values are provided in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 2-Theta Height H % 4.9 688 100 9.9 163 23.7 11.1 169 24.6 13.8226 32.9 15.0 441 64.1 16.3 378 54.9 16.7 262 38.1 17.6 53 7.7 18.3 43062.5 19.0 46 6.6 20.2 661 96.1 22.2 284 41.3 22.8 93 13.6 23.8 460 66.824.8 244 35.5 25.2 306 44.5 26.7 237 34.4 27.0 212 30.9 29.4 95 13.830.4 66 9.6 31.1 47 6.8 31.9 39 5.6 33.0 54 7.8 34.1 75 10.8 34.8 42 6.235.1 43 6.3 40.0 48 7 40.5 58 8.4 42.1 35 5

Example 7 Differential Scanning Calorimetry of the DibenzenesulfonicAcid Salt

The dibenzenesulfonic acid salt prepared by the process of Example 5 ischaracterized by the DSC trace shown in FIG. 5. The DSC thermogramrevealed one endothermic event with an onset at 269.4° C. followed by anexothermic event with a peak at 270.45° C. The experiments were carriedout on a Mettler Toledo Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC) 822instrument, initial temperature of 30° C. to a final temperature of 280°C. using a heating rate of 10° C./min.

Example 7A Physical Characteristics of the Dibenzenesulfonic Acid Salt

The dibenzenesulfonic acid salt is generally an off-white to lightyellow powder in a visual inspection against a white background.

Example 7B Solubility of the Dibenzenesulfonic Acid Salt

The dibenzenesulfonic acid salt is generally obtained as a off-white tolight yellow powder in a visual inspection against a white background.The solubility of the dibenzenesulfonic acid salt at 25° C. was found tobe approximately 3.9 mg/mL in water; 0.003 mg/mL in pH 7.4 buffer; 0.003mg/mL in pH 8.0 buffer; and at least 29 mg/mL in 0.1 N aqueous HCl.

The equilibrium solubility was determined by mixing the sample in theselected aquous solvents (0.1 N HCl, water, pH 7.4 buffer, and pH 8.0buffer) for at least 12 hours. The sample concentration was thendetermined by HPLC using a single point calibration.

Example 8 4-Bromo-3-fluoro-N-methoxy-N-methylbenzamide (3)

To a suspension of 4-bromo-3-fluorobenzoic acid (1, 967.9 g, 4.4 mol) indichloromethane (5.9 L) and DMF (21 mL) was slowly added a solution ofoxalyl chloride ((COCl)₂, 560 mL, 6.4 mol, 1.45 equiv) indichloromethane (520 mL) at room temperature. The resulting reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h and then cooled to 0°C. by ice-water bath. N,O-dimethyl hydroxylamine hydrochloride (826 g,8.4 mol, 1.9 equiv) was added followed by slow addition of triethylamine(TEA, 2.5 L, 17.7 mol, 4.0 equiv) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was thengradually warmed to room temperature and stirred at room temperatureovernight. Once the coupling reaction was complete, the reaction mixturewas washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (NaHCO₃, 2L). The aqueous phase was back extracted with dichloromethane (1 L). Thecombined organic phases were washed with water (1 L), brine (1 L), andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting solid residue wasdissolved into methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 5 L), washed sequentiallywith water (5×1 L), brine (1 L), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate(Na₂SO₄). The filtrated solution was concentrated under reduced pressureand the resulting solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 45° C. to afford4-bromo-3-fluoro-N-methoxy-N-methylbenzamide (3, 1106 g, 1153 gtheoretical, 95.9% yield) which was used for the subsequent reactionwithout further purification. For 3: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm7.78 (t, 1H, J=7.47 Hz), 7.56 (dd, 1H, J=9.3, 1.6 Hz), 7.18 (d, 1H,J=8.1 Hz), 3.53 (s, 3H), 3.25 (s, 3H); C₉H₉BrFNO₂ (MW 262.08), LCMS (EI)m/e 262.0/264.0 (M⁺+H).

Example 9 1-(4-Bromo-3-fluorophenyl)ethanone (4)

To a solution of crude 4-bromo-3-fluoro-N-methoxy-N-methylbenzamide (3,1106 g, 4.2 mol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF, 11 L) was slowlyadded a 3.0 M solution of methylmagnesium chloride (MeMgCl, 2.5 L, 7.5mol, 1.7 equiv) in THF at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture wasstirred at 0° C. for 2 h and then quenched very carefully with saturatedaqueous ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl, 1.5 L). The resulting solution wasconcentrated under reduced pressure to remove most of THF. The residuewas then diluted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 5 L) and the resultingsolution was washed with water (2 L). The aqueous phase was extractedwith ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 2×2 L). The combined organic phases werewashed with water (2 L), brine (2 L) and dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate (Na₂SO₄). The filtered solution was concentrated under reducedpressure and the resulting solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 45° C. toafford 1-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)ethanone (4, 890.8 g, 911.6 gtheoretical, 97.7% yield) as a solid which was used in the subsequentreaction without further purification. For 4: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆)δ ppm 7.89-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.71 (dd, 1H, J=8.30, 1.87 Hz), 2.57 (s, 3H).

Example 10 2-(4-Bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoacetaldehyde (5)

To a solution of 1-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)ethanone (4, 890.8 g, 4.1mol) in DMSO (4 L) was slowly added a solution of 48% aqueous hydrogenbromide (HBr, 1420 mL, 12.5 mol, 3.0 equiv). The reaction temperaturewas gradually increased from 20° C. to 50° C. during the course of theaddition. The reaction mixture was subsequently heated to 60° C. andstirred at 60° C. overnight. The resulting dimethyl sulfide was removedby distillation and the residue was poured into ice water (28 L). Theresulting yellow precipitate was collected by filtration (save thefiltrate) and washed with water (5 L). The yellow solid was dissolved inethyl acetate (EtOAc, 5 L), washed with brine (1 L) and dried overanhydrous sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄). The solution was then concentratedunder the reduced pressure and the resulting solid was dried in a vacuumoven at 45° C. to give the desired product,2-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoacetaldehyde, as its hydrate (hydrate of5, 730.6 g, 1020.9 g theoretical, 71.6% yield). The aqueous phase(filtrate) was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×5 L) and the combinedorganic phase was washed with water (2×2 L), brine (2 L) and dried overanhydrous sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄). The solution was concentrated underreduced pressure and the resulting solid was dried in a vacuum oven at45° C. to give the second crop of2-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoacetaldehyde hydrate (hydrate of 5,289.4 g, 1020.9 g theoretical, 28.3% yield; total 1020 g, 1020.9 gtheoretical, 99.9% yield) which was used in the subsequent reactionwithout further purification. For hydrate of 5: ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.00-7.70 (m, 3H), 6.69 (br s, 2H), 5.59 (s, 1H).

Example 11 1-(4-Bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-2,2-diethoxyethanone (6)

A 22 L flask was charged with the hydrate of(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoacetaldehyde (5, 1020 g, 4.41 mol),toluene (7.5 L), triethyl orthoformate (1633 g, 1.8 L, 11.04 mol, 2.5equiv), para-toluene sulfonic acid (33.5 g, 0.176 mol, 0.4 equiv) atroom temperature, and the resulting reaction mixture was heated to 110°C. and stirred at 110° C. for 6 h. When HPLC showed that the reactionwas complete, the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperaturebefore being poured into a 50 L separation funnel along with ethylacetate (7.5 L) and the saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution(NaHCO₃, 3 L). The mixture was stirred and the layers were separated.The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 L). The combinedorganic layers were washed with brine (4 L), dried with sodium sulfate(Na₂SO₄), and concentrated under the reduced pressure to afford crude1-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-2,2-diethoxyethanone (6, 1240 g, 1345.7 gtheoretical, 92.1% yield) which was used in the subsequent reactionwithout further purification. For 6: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm7.94-7.94 (m, 2H), 7.78 (dd, 1H, J=8.51, 2.08 Hz), 5.40 (s, 1H),3.77-3.60 (m, 4H), 1.16-1.14 (m, 6H).

Example 12 6-(4-Bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazin-3-amine (7)

A 22 L flask was charged with1-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-2,2-diethoxyethanone (6, 1240 g, 4.07 mol),ethanol (11 L), water (1.4 L), potassium hydroxide (KOH, 910 g, 16.3mol, 4.0 equiv), and aminoguanidine bicarbonate (1105 g, 8.13 mol, 2.0equiv) at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was thenheated to 75° C. for 14 h. When HPLC showed the condensation reactionwas deemed complete, the reaction mixture was cooled down to roomtemperature before being filtered. The filtrate was then concentratedunder the reduced pressure to remove the most of the solvents. Theresidual aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 3×6L). The organic layers were combined and concentrated under the reducedpressure to give a dark brown solid. This solid was dissolved in ethanol(4 L) and the resulting solution was treated with a solution of 0.2 Maqueous hydrochloric acid solution (4 L). The resulting slurry wassubsequently heated to 50° C. for 6 h before being allowed to cool downto room temperature. A solution of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonatesolution (NaHCO₃, 2 L) was slowly added to the slurry and the resultingmixture was then concentrated under the reduced pressure to remove mostof the solvents. The aqueous residue was then treated with ethyl acetate(20 L) to dissolve the solids. The two layers were separated and theaqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×2 L). The combinedorganic layers were concentrated under the reduced pressure. The darkbrown solids were treated with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 4 L) andthe resulting slurry was heated to 30° C. and stirred at 30° C. for 30min. The mixture was filtered and the solids (green to orange in color)were collected (save the filtrate) and washed with methyl tert-butylether (MTBE, 2 L) to give the first crop of the crude desired product(7). The filtrate was evaporated under the reduced pressure, and theresulting dark brown solids were treated with methyl tert-butyl ether(MTBE, 2 L). The resulting slurry was heated to 30° C. and stirred at30° C. for 30 min. The mixture was filtered to give the second crop ofthe crude desired product (7) which was washed with MTBE (1 L). Thecombined solids were dried in vacuum at 40-45° C. to afford6-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazin-3-amine (7, 585 g, 1095.1 gtheoretical, 53.4% yield) which was used in the subsequent reactionwithout further purification. For 7: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm8.86 (s, 1H), 7.97 (d, 1H, J=10.79 Hz), 7.81 (m, 2H), 7.52 (br s, 2H);C₉H₆BrFN₄ (MW 269.07), LCMS (EI) m/e 269.0/271.1 (M⁺+H).

Example 136-((2-(4-Bromo-3-fluorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)methyl)quinoline(12)

1-(2-Chloro-1-hydroxy-3-(quinolin-6-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (11,228 g, 0.74 mol, 1.1 equiv) and6-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazin-3-amine (7, 181 g, 0.673 mol)were suspended in 1-butanol (1800 mL) and the resulting suspension washeated to 110° C. and stirred at 110° C. for 18 h (the reaction mixturebecomes homogeneous at this point). The reaction mixture was thengradually cooled down to room temperature before being further cooleddown to 10° C. in an ice bath. The resulting yellow solid was collectedby filtration (save the 1-butanol filtrates), washed with cold 1-butanol(3×100 mL) and dried by suction. This solid was then suspended in thesaturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (NaHCO₃, 500 mL) and theresulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 1 h toneutralize the corresponding hydrochloride salt. The free base was thenfiltered, washed with water (500 mL) and dried in a vacuum oven at 45°C. for 18 h to afford the first crop of the crude6-((2-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)methyl)quinoline(12, 125.1 g, 292.3 g theoretical, 42.8% yield). The 1-butanol filtrateswere then concentrated under the reduced pressure and the resultingsolids were dissolved in dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂, 2 L). The solution waswash with the saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (NaHCO₃, 1L), dried over sodium sulfates (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated under thereduced pressure. The residue was then purified by flash columnchromatography (SiO₂, 0-10% MeOH—CH₂Cl₂ gradient elution) to afford thesecond crop of6-((2-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)methyl)-quinoline(12, 19.7 g, 292.3 g theoretical, 6.7% yield; total 144.8 g, 292.3 gtheoretical, 49.5% yield) as yellow solids. For 12: ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.23 (s, 1H), 9.11 (dd, 1H, J=4.98, 1.55 Hz), 8.85 (d,1H, J=8.09 Hz), 8.25-8.18 (m, 2H), 8.12-8.00 (m, 3H), 7.93-7.86 (m, 3H),4.70 (s, 2H); C₂₁H₁₃BrFN₅ (MW 434.26), LCMS (EI) m/e 434.00/435.95(M⁺+H).

Example 142-Fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzonitrile(13)

6-((2-(4-Bromo-3-fluorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)methyl)quinoline(12, 200 g, 0.461 mol), zinc cyanide (ZnCN₂, 32.7 g, 0.277 mol, 0.6equiv), zinc powder (Zn, 6.0 g, 0.093 mol, 0.2 equiv) and Pd(dppf)₂Cl₂(22.6 g 0.028 mol, 0.06 eqiv) were suspended in premixed solution ofN,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAC, 2000 mL) and water (H₂O, 40 mL). Theresulting suspension was then degassed with a stream of nitrogen for 20min before being heated to 110° C. and stirred at 110° C. for 1-2 h(homogeneous solution was observed). When LC/MS indicated the reactionwas deemed complete, the reaction mixture was cooled first to roomtemperature and then in an ice bath to 5° C. The cooled reaction mixturewas diluted with a mixture of the saturated aqueous ammonium chloridesolution (aq. NH₄Cl), the concentrated ammonium hydroxide aqueoussolution (aq. NH₄OH), and water (4:1:4 by volume, 8.1 L) and theresulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Theresulting solids were collected by filtration and dried in a vacuum ovenovernight at 45° C. to afford the crude desired product (13). This crudematerial was then purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, gradientelution with 1% triethylamine in dichloromethane, 2.5% acetone and 1%triethylamine in dichloromethane, 5.0% acetone and 1% triethylamine indichloromethane, and 10.0% acetone and 1% triethylamine indichloromethane sequentially) to afford the pure2-fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)-imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzonitrile(13, 127.4 g, 175.4 g theoretical, 72.6% yield) as yellow solids. For13: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.24 (s, 1H), 8.81 (dd, 1H, J=4.15,1.66 Hz), 8.26-8.12 (m, 4H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.95-7.93 (m, 2H), 7.76 (dd,1H, J=8.71, 2.08 Hz), 7.47 (dd, 1H, J=8.70, 4.15 Hz), 4.62 (s, 2H);C₂₂H₁₃FN₆ (MW 380.38), LCMS (EI) m/e 381.0 (M⁺+H).

Example 15 6-(3,3-Diethoxyprop-1-ynyl)quinoline (22)

A mixture of 6-bromoquinoline (8, 2.63 g, 12.6 mmol), propargylaldehydediethyl acetal (3.73 mL, 25.2 mmol, 2.0 equiv), triethylamine (TEA, 12.7mL, 90.8 mmol, 7.2 equiv), copper(I) iodide (CuI, 24.0 mg, 0.126 mmol,0.01 equiv), and triphenylphosphine (PPh₃, 0.39716 g, 1.5142 mmol, 0.12equiv) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 15.6 mL, 202 mmol) was degassedwith nitrogen bubbling for 5 min. Palladium acetate (Pd(OAc)₂, 0.08499g, 0.3786 mmol, 0.03 equiv) was added and the mixture was degassed withnitrogen bubbling for 5 min. The reaction mixture was heated to 90° C.under nitrogen with stirring. After 3 h and 10 min, HPLC indicated thatthe reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethylacetate (EtOAc, 100 mL) and washed with water (H₂O, 2×100 mL). Theaqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 20 mL). Thecombined organic extracts were then concentrated under the reducedpressure to give the crude product as a black oil. The crude product waspurified by flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-40% EtOAc in hexanegradient elution) to afford 6-(3,3-diethoxyprop-1-ynyl)quinoline (22,3.2 g, 3.22 g theoretical, 99% yield) as a colorless oil. For 22: ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.92 (dd, 1H, J=4.35 Hz, 1.86 Hz), 8.36 (d, 1H,J=8.40 Hz, 1.66 Hz), 8.20 (d, 1H, J=1.78 Hz), 7.99 (d, 1H, J=8.71 Hz),7.76 (dd, 1H, J=8.71 Hz, 1.87 Hz), 7.57 (dd, 1H, J=8.09 Hz, 4.05 Hz),5.58 (s, 1H), 3.75-3.55 (m, 4H), 1.17 (t, 6H, J=7.16 Hz); C₁₆H₁₇NO₂ (MW255.31), LCMS (EI) m/e 256.0 (M⁺+H).

Example 16 6-(3,3-Diethoxypropyl)quinoline (23)

Method A.

3,3-Diethoxy-1-propene (548 g, 4.2 mol, 1.75 equiv) was added to a 22 Lflask charged with 0.5 M solution of 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane intetrahydrofuran (9-BBN solution in THF, 8.4 L, 4.2 mol, 1.75 equiv) atroom temperature (the internal temperature raised to 40° C.) over 1 h.The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature forovernight. At which time ¹H NMR of an aliquot of the reaction mixtureindicated that all the 3,3-diethoxy-1-propene had been consumed.6-Bromoquinoline (8, 500 g, 2.4 mol, 1.0 equiv), potassium carbonate(K₂CO₃, 662 g, 4.8 mol, 2.0 equiv), tricyclohexylphosphine (67.4 g, 0.24mol, 0.1 equiv), palladium acetate (Pd(OAc)₂, 27 g, 0.12 mol, 0.05equiv) and water (90 mL) were added to the reaction mixture in thatorder followed by degassing with nitrogen for 0.5 h. The reactionmixture was then heated to reflux for 4 h. Once TLC and LC/MS showedthat the starting material had been consumed, the reaction mixture wascooled to room temperature with stirring before being quenched withwater (7.5 L) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 7.5 L). The layers wereseparated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc,4 L). The combined organic layers were washed with a saturated brinesolution (NaCl, 4 L), dried over magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) andconcentrated under the reduced pressure. The residue was purified bycolumn chromatography (SiO₂, 10-60% of ethyl acetate in heptane gradientelution) to afford 6-(3,3-diethoxypropyl)quinoline (23, 520 g, 622.4 gtheoretical, 83.5% yield) as a colorless oil. For 23: ¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆,300 MHz) δ ppm 8.81 (dd, 1H, J=4.23 Hz, 1.73 Hz), 8.28 (d, 1H, J=8.07Hz), 7.91 (d, 1H, J=8.62 Hz), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.61 (dd, 1H, J=8.63 Hz,1.92 Hz), 7.46 (dd, 1H, J=8.25 Hz, 4.22 Hz), 4.46 (t, 1H, J=5.60 Hz),3.61-3.38 (m, 4H), 2.79 (t, 2H, J=8.53 Hz), 1.95-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.11 (t,6H, J=6.84 Hz); C₁₆H_(2i)NO₂ (MW 259.34), LCMS (EI) m/e 260.2 (M⁺+H).

Method A-Alternative.

9-BBN was generated in situ and used to prepare compound 23 as describedas follows: under a nitrogen atmosphere anhydrous 1,2-dimethoxyethane(DME, 47.0 mL) was charged into a 500 mL 3-neck flask equipped with adistillation apparatus. Borane-dimethyl sulfide complex (12.1 g, 151mmol, 2 equiv) was added and the solution temperature increased from 20to 22° C. To this solution, 1,5-cyclooctadiene (16.3 g, 151 mmol, 2equiv) was added dropwise over a period of 30 min to maintain a reactiontemperature of 50-60° C., during which time a small amount of dimethylsulfide was collected by the distillation apparatus. The reactionmixture was then distilled under nitrogen until the distillatetemperature reach 84° C. The distillates collected had a volume of ˜21mL. The oil bath was removed and anhydrous THF (49 mL) was added. Asmall sample of the reaction mixture was taken for ¹H NMR analysis andthe result indicated the olefin was consumed. This 9-BBN solution wasused directly for the next step.

To the above 9-BBN solution, 3,3-diethoxy-1-propene (19.3 g, 142 mmol,1.89 equiv) was added dropwise while maintaining the temperature below30° C. The reaction is slightly exothermal and white precipitate slowlydissolved. The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for18 h.

To the solution prepared above, 6-bromoquinoline (8, 15.7 g, 75.4 mmol,1 equiv), tricyclohexylphosphine (1.27 g, 4.52 mmol, 0.06 equiv),potassium carbonate (20.8 g, 151 mmol, 2 equiv), and water (0.421 mL,23.4 mmol) were added. The mixture was degassed with nitrogen bubblingfor 10-15 min. Palladium acetate (Pd(OAc)₂, 0.508 g, 2.26 mmol, 0.03equiv) was added and the nitrogen bubbling was continued for anadditional 10 min. The reaction mixture was heated to 75° C. andmaintained at 75-78° C. for 2-3 h. When HPLC showed the completion ofthe reaction, the heating was discontinued and the reaction mixture wascooled to room temperature. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 162 mL) and water(H₂O, 162 mL) were added and the organic layer was separated. Theaqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 2×60 mL) and thecombined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated under the reduced pressure. The residue was purified byflash column chromatography (silica gel, 0-40% EtOAc in hexane gradientelution) to afford 6-(3,3-diethoxypropyl)quinoline (23, 17.6 g, 19.6 gtheoretical, 90% yield) as a clear oil, which was found to be identicalto the material made from Method A in every comparable aspect.

Method B.

A mixture of 6-(3,3-diethoxyprop-1-yn-1-yl)quinoline (22, 56 mg, 0.22mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (5 mg) in THF (5 mL) was hydrogenatedunder H₂ at 1 atm for 6 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through acelite bed and the celite bed was washed with THF (2×2 mL). The combinedfiltrates were concentrated under the reduced pressure to afford6-(3,3-diethoxypropyl)quinoline (23, 56 mg, 57 mg theoretical, 98%yield) as a clear oil, which was found to be sufficiently pure to beused in the subsequent reaction without further purification and wasidentical to the materiel made from Method A in every comparable aspect.

Example 17 3-(Quinolin-6-yl)propanal (9)

Method 1.

A 22 L flask was charged with tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)(70.0 g, 0.076 mol, 0.015 equiv), tri-tert-butylphosphoniumtetrafluoroborate (44 g, 0.152 mol, 0.03 equiv), and dioxane (12 L) atroom temperature. The resulting solution was then degassed with a steadystream of nitrogen for 20 min before 6-bromoquinoline (8, 1055 g, 5.07mol, 1.0 equiv), allyl alcohol (588 g, 10.1 mol, 2.0 equiv), andN-methyl-N-cyclohexylcyclohexylamine (1186 g, 6.08 mol, 1.2 equiv) wereadded at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at50- to 55° C. for 8-12 h. When TLC and LC/MS showed that the reactionwas deemed complete, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperaturebefore methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 10 L) was added to the reactionmixture. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10min before being filtered through a plug of celite. The filtrate wasconcentrated under the reduced pressure and the residue was purified byflash column chromatography (SiO₂, 20-80% ethyl acetate in heptanegradient elution) to afford 3-(quinolin-6-yl)propanal (9, 495 g, 939.1 gtheoretical, 52.7%) as a yellow oil, which solidified partially uponstanding at 0-5° C. For 9: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.75 (t, 1H,J=1.24 Hz), 8.83 (dd, 1H, J=4.15 Hz, 1.66 Hz), 8.25 (dd, 1H, J=8.3, 1.03Hz), 7.93 (d, 1H, J=8.71 Hz), 7.76 (d, 1H, J=1.45 Hz), 7.64 (dd, 1H,J=8.72 Hz, 2.08 Hz), 7.48 (dd, 1H, J=8.30 Hz, 4.36 Hz), 3.05 (t, 2H,J=7.26 Hz), 2.89 (t, 2H, J=7.26 Hz); C₁₂H₁₁NO (MW 185.22), LCMS (EI) m/e186 (M⁺+H).

Method 2.

A solution of 6-(3,3-diethoxypropyl)quinoline (23, Method A of Example16, 520 g, 2.08 mol, 1.0 equiv) in ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 2.2 L) wascooled to 0° C. before a 2 N aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution(2.2 L) was added over 1 h while keeping the reaction temperature below5° C. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 2 hat 0-5° C. When TLC and HPLC/MS indicated the reaction was complete, thereaction was quenched with an ice cold 3 N aqueous sodium hydroxide(NaOH) solution at 0° C. until the pH was between 8 to 9. The layerswere separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate(EtOAc, 2 L). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 L),dried with sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated under the reducedpressure to afford crude 3-(quinolin-6-yl)propanal (9, 385.3 g, 385.3 gtheoretical, 100%) as a yellow oil, which was found to be identical tothe material obtained from Method 1 in every comparable aspect. Sincethis crude material was found to be sufficiently pure, it was useddirectly in subsequent reaction without further purification.

Method 3.

A 22 L flask charged with 0.5 M solution of 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanein tetrahydrofuran (9-BBN, 5.75 L, 2.89 mol, 2.0 equiv) andtetrahydrofuran (THF, 6 L) was treated with 3,3-diethoxy-1-propene (393g, 3.02 mol, 2.10 equiv) at 0-5° C. and the resulting reaction mixturewas subsequently warmed to room temperature and stirred at roomtemperature for 14 h. 6-Bromoquinoline (8, 300 g, 1.44 mol, 1.0 equiv),palladium acetate (Pd(OAc)₂, 16.1 g, 0.072 mol, 0.05 equiv), potassiumcarbonate (K₂CO₃, 398 g, 2.89 mol, 2.0 equiv), tricyclohexylphosphine(22.3 g, 0.079 mol, 0.055 equiv), and water (52 g, 2.8 mol) were addedto the reaction mixture at room temperature before being degassed withnitrogen for 1 h. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 75° C.for 1 h. When TLC and LC/MS showed the reaction was deemed complete, thereaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and water (2 L) wasadded to dissolve the salts. The resulting mixture was then concentratedunder the reduced pressure to a volume of approximately 4 L before beingfiltered through a plug of Celite. The Celite plug was washed with ethylacetate (EtOAc, 2 L). The filtrate was concentrated under the reducedpressure to a volume of approximately 2 L and this residual solution wasthen added slowly over 5 min to a flask containing a 2.0 M aqueoushydrochloric acid (HCl) solution (2 L) at 0-5° C. The resulting solutionwas stirred at 0-5° C. for 14 h before being quenched with saturatedaqueous sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) solution at 0° C. until the pH wasbetween 8 to 9. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer wasextracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 2 L). The combined organic layerswere washed with brine (1 L), dried with sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), andconcentrated under the reduced pressure. The residue, which contains thecrude 3-(quinolin-6-yl)propanal (9) was purified by flash columnchromatography (SiO₂, 20-80% ethyl acetate in heptane gradient elution)to afford 3-(quinolin-6-yl)propanal (9, 139 g, 266.7 g theoretical,52.1%) as a yellow oil, which was found to be identical to the materialobtained from Methods 1 and 2.

Example 181-(2-Chloro-1-hydroxy-3-(quinolin-6-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (11)

Method I.

A solution of 3-(quinolin-6-yl)propanal (9, 407 g, 2.2 mol, 1.0 equiv)in chloroform (CHCl₃, 1700 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before proline (52 g,0.44 mol, 0.2 equiv) and N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS, 303 g, 2.31 mol, 1.05equiv) were added. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to slowlywarm to room temperature (becomes homogeneous) and stirred at roomtemperature for overnight. The reaction was exothermal to around 40° C.when it reaches room temperature and a precipitate had formed at thispoint. Once TLC and LC/MS showed that the reaction was deemed complete,the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 1700 mL) andthe resulting mixture was cooled to 0° C. The solid was collected byfiltration and the collected wet solid cake was placed in a flask andtriturated with water (750 mL). The resulting suspension was stirred atroom temperature for 30 min before the solids were collected byfiltration. The collected solids were washed with water (250 mL) andmethyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 500 mL) and dried in a vacuum oven at 45°C. to constant weight to afford1-(2-chloro-1-hydroxy-3-(quinolin-6-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (11,378.7 g, 701.3 g theoretical, 54% yield) as off-white powder. For 11:¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ ppm 8.86 (dd, 1H, J=4.15 Hz, 1.66 Hz), 8.33(dd, 1H, J=8.51 Hz, 1.04 Hz), 7.98 (d, 1H, J=8.72 Hz), 7.85 (d, 1H,J=1.66 Hz), 7.68 (dd, 1H, J=8.51 Hz, 1.87 Hz), 7.51 (dd, 1H, J=8.29 Hz,4.15 Hz), 7.36 (d, 1H, J=7.05 Hz), 5.28 (dd, 1H, J=9.54 Hz, 6.85 Hz),5.07 (dt, 1H, J=9.75 Hz, 2.70 Hz), 3.65 (dd, 1H, J=14.52 Hz, 2.49 Hz),3.09 (dd, 1H, J=14.52 Hz, 9.75 Hz), 2.64 (s, 4H); C₁₆H₁₅ClN₂O₃ (MW318.75), LCMS (EI) m/e 319.2 (M⁺+H).

Method II.

A solution of 3-quinolin-6-ylpropanal (9, 74.8 g, 0.404 mol) inacetonitrile (202 mL, 3.87 mol) was cooled to 0° C. before L-proline(4.70 g, 0.0404 mol, 0.10 equiv), benzoic acid (4.96 g, 0.0404 mol, 0.10equiv), and N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS, 57.8 g, 0.424 mol, 1.05 equiv)were added at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 3 hand the resulting clear solution was allowed to warm to room temperatureand stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The reaction mixture became athick suspension and LCMS showed the completion of the reaction. Ethylacetate (EtOAc, 202 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and theresulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The solidswere collected by filtration, washed with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 100 mL)and dried under vacuum at 40-45° C. to constant weight to afford1-(2-chloro-1-hydroxy-3-(quinolin-6-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (11,88.8 g, 128.8 g theoretical, 69% yield) as an off-white powder, whichwas found to be identical to the material made from method I in everycomparable aspect.

Example 192-Fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzoicacid (14)

A suspension of2-fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzonitrile(13, 277.5 g, 0.73 mol, 1.0 equiv) in concentrated hydrochloric acid(2500 mL) and water (250 mL) was heated to 100° C. (homogenous at thispoint) and stirred at around 100° C. for 18 h. When LC/MS indicated thereaction was deemed complete, the reaction mixture was cooled down to70-80° C. before being diluted with water (2500 mL). The resultingdiluted reaction mixture was then cooled down to room temperature(yellow solid forms at 40-50° C.) and subsequent to 0-5° C. The solidswere then collected by filtration, washed with a small amount of 1Naqueous HCl (100 mL), and dried in a vacuum oven at 45° C. to constantweight to afford2-fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzoicacid (14, 271 g, 291.5 g theoretical, 93% yield) as yellow tobright-yellow powders. For 14: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.34 (s,1H), 9.23 (dd, 1H, J=5.19 Hz, 1.45 Hz), 9.08 (d, 1H, J=8.29 Hz), 8.38(d, 1H, J=8.92 Hz), 8.30 (d, 1H, J=1.24 Hz), 8.18 (dd, 1H, J=8.72 Hz,1.87 Hz), 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.08-8.00 (m, 4H), 4.75 (s, 2H); C₂₂H₁₆Cl₂FN₅O₂(MW 472.30), C₂₂H₁₄FN₅O₂ (free base: MW 399.38), LCMS (EI) m/e 400.0(M⁺+H).

Example 202-Fluoro-N-methyl-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzamide(15)

A suspension of2-fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzoicacid (14, 431.4 g, 0.914 mol, 1.0 equiv) and(benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate(PyBOP, 570 g, 1.1 mol, 1.2 equiv) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 3700mL) was treated with a solution of 2 M methylamine in THF (1830 mL,3.656 mol, 4.0 equiv) over 15 min at room temperature. The reactiontemperature increased to 30° C. during the addition of methylamine andthe reaction mixture became homogeneous once the addition of methylaminewas complete. Triethylamine (TEA, 382 mL, 2.742 mol, 3.0 equiv) was thenadded to the reaction mixture and the resulting reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 2-4 h. When LC/MS showed the couplingreaction was deemed complete, the reaction mixture was treated withwater (950 mL). The resulting suspension was cooled down to 0-5° C. inan ice-bath and stirred at 0-5° C. for 30 min. The solids were collectedby filtration and washed with water (200 mL). The wet solid cake wasthen suspended in a mixture of water and acetonitrile (1/1 by volume,2000 mL) and the resulted suspension was stirred at room temperature for1 h. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with water andacetonitrile, and dried in a vacuum oven at 40-45° C. to constant weightto afford2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzamide(15, 322 g, 377 g theoretical, 85.4% yield) as yellow to bright-yellowpowders. For 15: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.20 (s, 1H), 8.82 (dd,1H, J=4.05, 1.56 Hz), 8.38 (br m, 1H), 8.27 (dd, 1H, J=8.50 Hz, 1.25Hz), 8.06-7.93 (m, 5H), 7.81-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.49 (dd, 1H, J=8.40 Hz, 4.35Hz), 4.62 (s, 2H), 2.78 (d, 3H, J=4.36 Hz); C₂₃H₁₇FN₆O (MW 412.42), LCMS(EI) m/e 413.1 (M⁺+H).

Example 212-Fluoro-N-methyl-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzamidedihydrochloride (21, dihydrochloride)

A suspension of2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazolo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide(15, 421.2 g, 1.021 mol) in methanol (MeOH, 6600 mL) was heated to 55°C. before a premixed solution of aqueous concentrated hydrochloric acid(conc. HCl, 37 wt. %, 12 M, 420 mL, 5.10 mol, 5.0 equiv) in isopropylalcohol (IPA, 1510 mL) was added dropwise at 55° C. The resulting clearsolution was stirred at 55° C. for 30 min before methyl tert-butyl ether(MTBE, 6750 mL) was added via an additional funnel over 30 min. Thesolids were slowly precipitated out after addition of methyl tert-butylether. The resulting mixture was stirred at 55° C. for an additional 1 hbefore being gradually cooled down to room temperature. The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for overnight. The solids were collected byfiltration, washed with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 3×500 mL), anddried in vacuum oven at 45-55° C. to constant weight. The desired2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazolo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamidedihydrochloride (21, dihydrochloride, 470.7 g, 495.5 g theoretical, 95%yield) was obtained as off-white to light yellow crystalline solids. For21 (dihydrochloride): mp (decom.) 222° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δppm 9.46 (s, 1H), 9.25 (dd, 1H, J=5.4 Hz, 1.4 Hz), 9.12 (d, 1H, J=8.3Hz), 8.51 (m, 1H), 8.47 (d, 1H, J=0.9 Hz), 8.34 (d, 1H, J=1.3 Hz), 8.23(s, 1H), 8.21 (dd, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, 1.8 Hz), 8.09-8.02 (m, 3H), 7.79 (dd,1H, J=7.5 Hz, 8.3 Hz), 4.77 (s, 2H), 2.78 (s, 3H, J=4.5 Hz); ¹³C NMR(100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 163.4, 159.4 (d, J=249.9 Hz), 145.8, 145.4,144.5, 143.8, 140.4, 138.8, 136.8, 135.9, 135.7 (J=8.6 Hz), 131.2 (J=3.1Hz), 130.7, 128.7, 128.2, 126.2 (J=14.9 Hz), 126.0, 123.1 (J=3 Hz),122.5, 121.0, 114.9 (J=5.6 Hz), 28.4, 26.3; ¹⁹F NMR (376.3 MHz, DMSO-d₆)δ ppm −113.2; C₂₃H₁₇FN₆O (free base, MW 412.42), LCMS (EI) m/e 413.1(M⁺+H) and 435.0 (M⁺+Na).

Example 22 1,2,4-Triazin-3-amine (16)

An aqueous solution of glyoxal (57 Kg of 40 wt % aqueous solution, 393mol, 0.73 equiv) was added to a suspension of aminoguanidine bicarbonate(73 Kg, 536.3 mol) in water (400 L) at room temperature. The evolutionof carbon dioxide (CO₂) began almost immediately. The reaction mixturewas then stirred at room temperature for 18 h and the evolution of gashad virtually ceased after about 2 h. The reaction mixture was thenfiltered, and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness under the reducedpressure. The residue was then extracted with cold methanol (MeOH, 3×120L), and the combined methanol solution was cooled down to 0-5° C. beforebeing filtered to remove the residual solids. The filtrate was thenconcentrated under the reduced pressure, and the residue wasrecrystallized in acetonitrile to afford 1,2,4-triazin-3-amine (16, 34Kg, 37.76 Kg theoretical, 90% yield) as fine, white needles. For 16: ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.54 (d, 1H, J=2.33 Hz), 8.20 (d, 1H,J=2.33 Hz), 7.15 (br s, 2H).

Example 23 6-Bromo-1,2,4-triazin-3-amine (17)

A solution of 1,2,4-triazin-3-amine (16, 33 Kg, 343.4 mol) in water (500L) and acetonitrile (300 L) was treated with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS, 66Kg, 370 mol, 1.08 equiv) at 5-15° C., and the resulting reaction mixturewas stirred at 10-15° C. for 1-4 h. When TLC and LC/MS showed that thebromination reaction was deemed complete, the reaction mixture wastreated with an aqueous solution of saturated sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃).The resulting solution was then extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc,3×500 L). The combined organic extracts were washed with water (2×100L), dried over magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), and concentrated under thereduced pressure to afford 6-bromo-1,2,4-triazin-3-amine (17, 10.3 Kg,60 Kg theoretical, 17.2% yield) as yellow to brown powders. For 17: ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.47 (br, 2H); C₃H₃BrN₄ (MW174.99), LCMS (EI) m/e 175.0/176.9 (M⁺+H).

Example 242-Fluoro-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzonitrile(19)

Step 1.

A solution of 2-fluoro-4-bromobenzonitrile (18, 12.5 Kg, 62.5 mol) inanhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF, 30 L) was treated with a solution ofisopropylmagnesium chloride generated from magnesium (Mg, 1.8 Kg, 150mol, 1.2 equiv) an 2-chloropropane (7.2 Kg, 92 mol, 1.47 equiv) in THF(20 L) and 2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine (11 Kg, 69mol, 1.1 equiv) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was thenstirred at 12-20° C. for an additional 2 h before being treated withtrimethylborate (9 Kg, 86.7 mol, 1.4 equiv) at 10-15° C. The reactionmixture was stirred at 7-16° C. for 40 min. When TLC and LC/MS showedthat the reaction was deemed complete, the reaction mixture was quenchedwith 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl, 35 Kg) at room temperature. Thequenched aqueous reaction mixture was then extracted with ethyl acetate(EtOAc, 4×35 L). The combined organic extracts were washed with water(50 L), dried over magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), and concentrated under thereduced pressure. The residual solids were then recrystallized fromacetonitrile (20 L) and hexanes (45 L) to afford the corresponding crude3-fluoro-4-cyanophenyl boronic acid (5.0 Kg, 48% yield).

Step 2.

A suspension of the crude 3-fluoro-4-cyanophenyl boronic acid (9.2 Kg,55.8 mol) in cyclohexane (150 L) was treated with pinacol (13.2 Kg,111.6 mol, 2.0 equiv) at room temperature, and the resulting reactionmixture was warmed to 40° C. for 4 h. When TLC and LC/MS showed that thereaction was deemed complete, the reaction mixture was cooled down toroom temperature before being washed with water (2×75 L). The organiclayer was then dried over magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) and concentratedunder the reduced pressure to afford2-fluoro-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzonitrile(19, 11.8 Kg, 13.8 Kg theoretical, 85.6% yield) as a light yellow solid.For 19: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 7.92 (t, 1H, J=7.00 Hz), 7.62(m, 2H), 1.29 (s, 12H).

Example 25 4-(3-Amino-1,2,4-triazin-6-yl)-2-fluorobenzonitrile (20)

A mixture of 6-bromo-1,2,4-triazin-3-amine (17, 100.0 g, 571.47 mmol)and 2-fluoro-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzonitrile(19, 145.43 g, 588.61 mmol, 1.03 equiv) in 1,4-dioxane (1200 mL) wasstirred at room temperature for 10 min before potassium carbonate(K₂CO₃, 355.4 g, 2572 mmol) in water (600 mL) was added to give a deepred solution. The mixture was degassed by bubbling with nitrogen for 10min before 1,1′-bis(diphenyl phosphino)ferrocene dichloropalladium(II)complex with dichloromethane (1:1) (Pd(dppf)₂Cl₂, 14.14 g, 17.14 mmol,0.03 equiv) was added at room temperature. The resulting reactionmixture was degassed by bubbling with nitrogen for 10 min and thenheated at 86° C. under nitrogen. After 2 h, HPLC showed that thereaction was deemed complete, and the reaction mixture was cooled toroom temperature and then to 0-5° C. with an ice-water bath. 1,4-Dioxane(400 mL) was added to the cooled reaction mixture before a solution of3.3 M aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (HCl, 1900 mL) was addeddropwise with stirring to adjust pH to 0.40-0.93. The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 30 min and filtered. The solid collectedwas stirred with 1,4-dioxane (260 mL) and then added 1N HCl (400 mL).The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min and filtered. Thefiltrate was combined with the filtrate obtained earlier and washed withethyl acetate (EtOAc, 2×2 L). The combined ethyl acetate extracts wasextracted with 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (HCl, 3×200 mL).The combined aqueous solution was then treated with activated charcoal(20 g) and stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The mixture wasfiltered through a celite bed and the filtrate was cooled to 0-5° C.with an ice-water bath. A solution of 50% of sodium hydroxide in water(NaOH, 240 mL, 4500 mmol) was added drowise at 5-12° C. to adjust pHto10.6-11.6. The mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. for 30 min and thenfiltered. The solids collected were washed with aqueous ammoniumhydroxide (1 to 3 of 28% concentrated NH₄OH to water, 1900 mL) and driedunder vacuum at 40-45° C. to constant weight to afford4-(3-amino-1,2,4-triazin-6-yl)-2-fluorobenzonitrile (20, 101.2 g, 122.9g theoretical, 82.3% yield) as a off-white powder. For 20: ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.94 (s, 1H), 8.12 (d, 1H, J=11.41 Hz), 8.08-8.00(m, 2H), 7.71 (br s, 2H); C₁₀H₆FN₅ (MW 215.19), LCMS (EI) m/e 215.9(M⁺+H).

Example 262-Fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzonitrile(13)

Step 1.

A 22 L reactor equipped with a overhead stirring, a thermocouple, adistillation apparatus, and a nitrogen inlet was purged with nitrogenbefore 4-(3-amino-1,2,4-triazin-6-yl)-2-fluorobenzonitrile (20, 300 g,1.39 mol),1-(2-chloro-1-hydroxy-3-(quinolin-6-yl)propyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (11,635 g, 1.99 mol, 1.43 equiv), and ethylene glycol (3.0 L) were chargedto the reactor at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture washeated to 130-140° C. with nitrogen bubbled through continuously. Thedistillate was collected with the distillation apparatus. After 3-4 h,HPLC indicated the reaction was deemed complete (presence of <1.5% ofstarting material 20). The reaction mixture was gradually cooled to roomtemperature. A 2.5% aqueous sodium carbonate solution (Na₂CO₃, 14.1 L)was added with stirring to the reactor over 60 min and the mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 1-2 h. The mixture was then filtered,and the solid was washed with water (9.6 L) and dried under vacuum toafford the desired crude product (13, 980.4 g), which was combined withseveral other batches for purification as described below.

Step 2.

A solution of crude product (13, 2754 g) in methylene chloride (CH₂Cl₂,37.8 L) and methanol (0.54 L) was treated with silica gel (SiO₂, 2700 g)at room temperature, and the resulting mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 90 min. The mixture was filtered and the filter cake waswashed with a mixture of CH₂Cl₂ (18 L) and methanol (0.26 L). Thecombined filtrates were treated with silica gel (SiO₂, 1800 g) and theresulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 90 min and thenfiltered. The filter cake was washed with a mixture of CH₂Cl₂ (18 L) andmethanol (0.26 L). The combined filtrates were concentrated under thereduced pressure at 20-60° C. to about 8-12 L. The residue was treatedwith a mixture of isopropanol (IPA) and water (1:1, 9 L) in portions andthe distillation was continued at 1 atm pressure until the temperaturereached 68-75° C. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and thesolids were collected by filtration. The solids collected were washedwith isopropanol (IPA, 3.6 L) and dried under vacuum at 40-45° C. toconstant weight to afford pure2-fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzonitrile(13, 940.27 g) as a bright yellow powder.

The above reaction and purification process gave product 13 in 59-64%yield. The spectroscopic data of compound 13 made by this syntheticprocess was found to be identical to those obtained from material madeby cyanation of compound 12 described previously. For 13: ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.24 (s, 1H), 8.81 (dd, 1H, J=4.15, 1.66 Hz),8.26-8.12 (m, 4H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.95-7.93 (m, 2H), 7.76 (dd, 1H,J=8.71, 2.08 Hz), 7.47 (dd, 1H, J=8.70, 4.15 Hz), 4.62 (s, 2H);C₂₂H₁₃FN₆ (MW 380.38), LCMS (EI) m/e 381.0 (M⁺+H).

Example 272-Fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzoicacid (14)

To a 22 L reactor equipped with a overhead stirring, a thermocouple, anda nitrogen inlet was charged compound 13 (900 g, 2.37 mol), water (0.9L), and concentrated HCl (9.1 L) at room temperature. The resultingreaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 12 h. When HPLC showed thereaction was complete, the reaction mixture was cooled to 90° C. andwater (4.9 L) was added over 15 min while maintaining the temperature at65-90° C. The reaction mixture was further cooled to room temperatureand stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The solids were collected byfiltration, washed with water (1.2 L) and dried in vacuum at 40-45° C.to constant weight to afford2-fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzoicacid (14, 945 g, 946.5 g theoretical, 99.8% yield) as a light yellowsolid, which was found to be identical to the material made by earliermethod. For 14: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.34 (s, 1H), 9.23 (dd,1H, J=5.19 Hz, 1.45 Hz), 9.08 (d, 1H, J=8.29 Hz), 8.38 (d, 1H, J=8.92Hz), 8.30 (d, 1H, J=1.24 Hz), 8.18 (dd, 1H, J=8.72 Hz, 1.87 Hz), 8.12(s, 1H), 8.08-8.00 (m, 4H), 4.75 (s, 2H); C₂₂H₁₆Cl₂FN₅O₂ (MW 472.30),C₂₂H₁₄FN₅O₂ (free base: MW 399.38), LCMS (EI) m/e 400.0 (M⁺+H).

Example 282-Fluoro-N-methyl-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzamide(15)

Method A.

To a stirred solution of2-fluoro-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzoicacid (14, 1000 g, 2.12 mol) in acetonitrile (5 L) and CH₂Cl₂ (10 L) werecharged HOBt (358 g, 2.65 mol, 1.25 equiv), and EDC hydrochloride (508.4g, 2.65 mol, 1.25 equiv) at room temperature. Another portion of CH₂Cl₂(10 L) was then added to the reaction mixture and the resulting reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 min. A 2.0 M solution ofmethylamine (MeNH₂) in THF (3.44 L, 6.88 mol, 3.25 equiv) was added withstirring while maintaining the temperature at 15-30° C. The reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h before an additionalportion of 2.0 M solution of methylamine (MeNH₂) in THF (1.06 L, 2.12mol, 1 equiv) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 1 h and a second portion of EDC hydrochloride (406 g,2.12 mol, 1 equiv) was added and the stirring was continued for 6 h.When HPLC showed less than 1% of starting material (14) was remaining,the reaction mixture was concentrated under the reduced pressure at <50°C. During distillation acetonitile (20 L) was added and distillation wascontinued until the remaining volume was about 20 L. The residue wastreated with an aqueous solution of 2.5% sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃, 40 L)and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min.The solids were collected by filtration, washed with water (3×4.0 L),air dried by pulling vacuum on the filter to afford the crude desiredproduct (15). The crude solids were treated with CH₂Cl₂ (17.6 L) andMeOH (5.2 L) at room temperature and resulting mixture was stirred untila clear solution was obtained. The solution was filtered to removeinsoluble materials. With vigorous stirring a 2.5% aqueous solution ofsodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃, 17.6 L) was added to the filtrate and themixture was stirred at room temperature for 60 min to give a suspension.Heptane (20 L) was added and the mixture was stirred for an additional60 min. The mixture was filtered and the solid was washed sequentiallywith water (3×4.0 L) and heptane (4.0 L), and dried in vacuum to afford2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzamide(15, 1095.3 g, 874.3 g theoretical) as a bright yellow solid, which wasfound to be not totally dry and to contain ˜25% residual solvents. Thiswet solid was used directly for the subsequent dihydrochloride salt (21)formation reaction without further drying. A small sample was driedcompletely for spectroscopic analyses and the data were consistent withthose obtained by earlier method: For 15: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δppm 9.20 (s, 1H), 8.82 (dd, 1H, J=4.05, 1.56 Hz), 8.38 (br m, 1H), 8.27(dd, 1H, J=8.50 Hz, 1.25 Hz), 8.06-7.93 (m, 5H), 7.81-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.49(dd, 1H, J=8.40 Hz, 4.35 Hz), 4.62 (s, 2H), 2.78 (d, 3H, J=4.36 Hz);C₂₃H₁₇FN₆O (MW 412.42), LCMS (EI) m/e 413.1 (M⁺+H).

Method B

2-Fluoro-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzoicacid dihydrochloride (14, 50.00 g, 0.1059 mol) was added toluene (300mL) and followed by thionyl chloride (SOCl₂, 77.2 mL, 1.06 mol, 10.0equiv) at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was heated at72° C. under N₂ and the reaction was followed by HPLC analysis of thedisappearance of the starting material benzoic acid (14). After 48 h,HPLC indicated ˜4% starting material remaining and the reaction wasstopped. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness by vacuumdistillation at 40-50° C. The residual solids were added toluene (300mL) and the solvent was removed by vacuum distillation at 40-50° C. THF(250 mL) was added and the mixture was cooled with an ice-water bath. A2.0 M of methylamine (MeNH₂) in THF (529 mL, 1.06 mol, 10 equiv) wasadded dropwise. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to warm up toroom temperature and stirred at room temperature for 17 h. Water (600mL) was added to the reaction mixture and THF (400-500 mL) was removedby vacuum distillation at 40° C. Sodium carbonate (15.60 g, 0.147 mol)was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min.The mixture was filtered and the solid was washed with water (3×30 mL)and dried. The solid was dissolved in pre-mixed methylene chloride(CH₂Cl₂, 1000 mL) and methanol (MeOH, 300 mL). With vigorous stirring, asolution of 0.236 M of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) in water (1000 mL) wasadded dropwise. Solid was slowly precipitated out after addition ofaqueous solution of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃). Hexane (1000 mL) was thenadded dropwise with stirring. The mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 30-40 min and the solids were collected by filtration.The solids collected were washed with water (3×200 mL) and dried invacuum at 40-50° C. to constant weight to afford2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzamide(15, 42.2 g, 43.67 g theoretical, 96.6% yield) as a bright yellow solid,which was found to be identical to the material made by Method A inevery comparable aspect. For 15: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.20(s, 1H), 8.82 (dd, 1H, J=4.05, 1.56 Hz), 8.38 (br m, 1H), 8.27 (dd, 1H,J=8.50 Hz, 1.25 Hz), 8.06-7.93 (m, 5H), 7.81-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.49 (dd, 1H,J=8.40 Hz, 4.35 Hz), 4.62 (s, 2H), 2.78 (d, 3H, J=4.36 Hz); C₂₃H₁₇FN₆O(MW 412.42), LCMS (EI) m/e 413.1 (M⁺+H).

Example 29

2-Fluoro-N-methyl-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzamidedihydrochloride (21, dihydrochloride)2-Fluoro-N-methyl-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzamide(15, 2100 g, containing ˜25% residual solvents) and filtered USP water(7.6 L) were charged into a 50 L reactor at room temperature. Withstirring a solution of 6 M aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl, 3 L) wasadded with an additional funnel. The resulting reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. Acetone (30.5 L) was added to thereactor with stirring during 1 h and the resulting mixture was stirredat room temperature for 2.5 h. The solids were collected by filtration,washed with acetone (2×4.3 L) and dried in vacuum to constant weight toafford2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzamidedihydrochloride (21, dihydrochloride, 1629.2 g, 1830.6 g theoretical,89%) as a pale yellowish crystalline powder, which was found to beidentical to the material made by previous method in every comparableaspect. For 21 (dihydrochloride): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.46(s, 1H), 9.25 (dd, 1H, J=5.4 Hz, 1.4 Hz), 9.12 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz), 8.51(m, 1H), 8.47 (d, 1H, J=0.9 Hz), 8.34 (d, 1H, J=1.3 Hz), 8.23 (s, 1H),8.21 (dd, 1H, J=9.0, 1.8 Hz), 8.09-8.02 (m, 3H), 7.79 (dd, 1H, J=7.5,8.3 Hz), 4.77 (s, 2H), 2.78 (s, 3H, J=4.5 Hz); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 163.4, 159.4 (d, J=249.9 Hz), 145.8, 145.4, 144.5, 143.8,140.4, 138.8, 136.8, 135.9, 135.7 (J=8.6 Hz), 131.2 (J=3.1 Hz), 130.7,128.7, 128.2, 126.2 (J=14.9 Hz), 126.0, 123.1 (J=3 Hz), 122.5, 121.0,114.9 (J=5.6 Hz), 28.4, 26.3; ¹⁹F NMR (376.3 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm −113.2;C₂₃H₁₇FN₆O (free base, MW 412.42), LCMS (EI) m/e 413.1 (M⁺+H) and 435.0(M⁺+Na).

Example 30 Physical characteristics of the2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-(7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzamidedihydrochloride salt (21)

The dihydrochloric acid salt is an off-white to light yellow powder asconfirmed by visual inspection against a white background.

Example 31 Solubility Study

The solubility of the dihydrochloride (21, See Example 21) at 25° C. wasfound to be approximately 4.9 mg/mL in water; 0.002 mg/mL in pH 7.4buffer; 0.002 mg/mL in pH 8.0 buffer; and approximately 24 mg/mL in 0.1N aqueous HCl. The equilibrium solubility was determined by mixing thesample in the selected aqueous solvents (0.1 N HCl, water, pH 7.4buffer, and pH 8.0 buffer) for at least 12 hours. The sampleconcentration was then determined by HPLC using a single pointcalibration.

Example A In Vitro c-Met Kinase Enzyme Assays

2-Fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazolo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamidewas screened in vitro for its ability to inhibit c-Met kinase activity.The IC₅₀ value for the inhibition of c-Met kinase was determined asdescribed in the literature with some modifications (Wang, X. et al,Mol. Cancer Ther. 2003, 2(11):1085-1092; Calic, M. et al., CroaticaChemical ACTA. 2005, 78(3):367-374). Briefly, histidine-tagged c-Metcatalytic domain fusion protein (Invitrogen, # PV3143) was used for theassay. IC₅₀ measurements were based on the degree of phosphorylation ofpoly Glu-Tyr (Sigma-Aldrich, # P0275) that was coated (0.01 mg/per well)on 96-well microplates (R&D systems, # DY990). The reaction was carriedout in a 50 μL solution containing 50 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 10 mM MnCl₂, 10mM MgCl₂, 0.5 mM DTT, 100 μM Na₃VO₄, 5 μM ATP (Cell SignalingTechnology, #9804) and serial dilutions of the test compound. Thereaction lasted for 25 minutes at 30° C. After the reaction wascompleted, the contents of the plates were discarded. Plates were thenwashed with TBS-T (250 μL/well, 5×) and then blocked with TBS-Tcontaining 1% BSA for 2 hours. The contents of the plates was discarded,and 100 μL (per well) of peroxidase-labeled anti-phospho-tyrosineantibody (Sigma, # A5964) diluted (1:60,000) in 1% BSA containing TBS-Twere then added and incubated for 1 hour. Plates were washed with TBS-T(250 μL/well, 5×) and followed by the color reaction using 100 μL (1:1mixture) of H₂O₂ and tetramethylbenzidine (R&D Systems, # DY999). Thereaction was stopped in minutes with 100 μL of 2 N H₂SO₄. The opticaldensity was measured immediately using a microplate reader at 450 nmwith wavelength correction at 540 nm. IC₅₀ values were calculated withthe GraphPad Prism software. The linear range (i.e., the time periodover which the rate remained equivalent to the initial rate) wasdetermined for the kinase and IC₅₀ determinations were performed withinthis range.

Wang, X., et al. Potent and selective inhibitors of the Met [hepatocytegrowth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) receptor] tyrosine kinase blockHGF/SF-induced tumor cell growth and invasion. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2003,2(11):1085-1092.

Calic, M., et al. Flavonoids as inhibitors of Lck and Fyn kinases.Croatica Chemica ACTA. 2005, 78(3):367-374.

2-Fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazolo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamidefound to have an IC₅₀ value less than 500 nM. See, e.g., U.S. Ser. No.11/942,130.

Example B Cell Proliferation/Survival Assays

Cell lines representing various human cancers (SNU-1 and SUN-5 gastric,A549 and NCI-H441 lung, U-87 glioblastoma, HT-29 colon, 786-O kidney,PC-3 pancreatic) can be obtained from American Type Culture Collectionand routinely maintained in culture media and conditions recommended byATCC. Optimal cell density used in proliferation/survival assay can bepredetermined for individual cell lines. Compounds are screened fortheir ability to inhibit cell proliferation/survival, and IC₅₀ valuesare determined. Below are the sample protocols for SNU-5 and SNU-1 cellproliferation/survival assays. SNU-5 and SNU-1 cells are seeded into 96well cell culture plates at 4000 cells/well and 2000 cells/wellrespectively in appropriate media containing 2% FBS and supplementedwith serial dilutions of individual compounds in a final volume of 100μL/well. After 72 hour incubation, 24 μL of CellTiter 96® AQueous OneSolution reagent (Promega, # G3581) are added to each well (finalconcentration=333 μg/mL), and the plates are incubated for 2 more hoursin a 37° C. incubator. The optical density is measured in the linearrange using a microplate reader at 490 nm with wavelength correction at650 nm. IC₅₀ values are calculated with the GraphPad Prism software. Forproliferation assays using A549, NCI-H441, U-87, HT-29, 786-0 and PC-3cells, the cells are first starved for 48 hours in low serum condition(0.1-0.5% FBS in appropriate culture media), then treated with differentconcentrations of compounds for 2 hours. After the cells are treatedwith HGF (50 ng/mL) (R&D, #294-HGN) for 24 hours, CellTiter 96® AQueousOne Solution reagent is added and plates are incubated for 2 hours. Theresults are recorded with a plate reader.

Example C Cell-Based c-Met Phosphorylation Assays

The inhibitory effect of compounds on c-Met phosphorylation in relevantcell lines (SNU-5 gastric, A549 and NCI-H441 lung, U-87 glioblastoma,HT-29 colon, 786-0 kidney and PC-3 pancreatic cancer cell lines andHUVEC cell line) can be assessed using immunoblotting analysis andELISA-based c-Met phosphorylation assays. Cells are grown in appropriateculture media and treated with various concentrations of individualcompounds. For SNU-5, HT-29, 786-0 cells, cells are grown inappropriated media supplemented with 0.2% or 2% FBS and treated withcompounds for 3-4 hours. Whole cell protein extracts are prepared usingreagents and a protocol (# FNN0011) obtained from BiosourceInternational with slight modifications. Briefly, protein extracts aremade by incubation in lysis buffer with protease and phosphataseinhibitors [50 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 100 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 10%Glycerol, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 1 mM sodiumfluoride, aprotinin (2 μg/mL), leupeptin (2 μg/mL), pepstatin A (2μg/mL), and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (1 mM)] at 4° C. Proteinextracts are cleared of cellular debris by centrifugation at 14,000×gfor 20 minutes. For A549, H441, U-87 and PC-3 cells, cells are serum(0.2% FBS) starved for at least 24 hours, then pretreated with variousconcentrations of compounds for 1 hour. Whole cell extracts are preparedafter the cells were treated with HGF (50 ng/mL) for 10 minutes.

Immunoblotting Analysis

Relevant antibodies are obtained from commercial sources: rabbitpolyclonal antibodies included anti-human c-Met (Santa CruzBiotechnology, # sc-161) and anti-phosphorylated-c-Met (BiosourceInternational, pY1230/4/5 and pY1003). For immunoblotting, 10-20 μg ofprotein extracts from individual treatment conditions are resolved byelectrophoresis on 10% SDS-PAGE gel, and electrotransferred to anitrocellulose (or PVDF) membrane. The membrane is blocked in PBScontaining 3% milk and 0.1% Tween-20 for 1 hour, and then incubated withprimary anti-c-Met antibodies in blocking solution for 1 hour. After 3washes, the membrane is incubated with appropriatehorseradish-conjugated secondary antibodies for 1 hour. After finalwash, the blot is incubated with chemiluminescence detection reagent for5 minutes and exposed to X-ray film. The images are scanned, quantifiedand corrected with total c-Met, and IC₅₀ values are calculated.Compounds having an IC₅₀ of 10 μM or less are considered active.

ELISA

Cell protein extracts are analyzed using a human phospho-c-Met ELISA kitaccording to the manufacturer's instructions (R&D Systems, #DYC2480).Optimal amounts of protein extracts are predetermined for individualcell lines. Briefly, for the assay, appropriate amounts of proteinextracts are captured with a capture anti-human c-Met antibody for 2hours in a 96 well microplate. After washes, a detection antibody(HRP-conjugated anti-phospho-tyrosine antibody) is added and incubatedfor 2 hours. After additional washes, 100 μL of substrate solution (1:1mixture of H₂O₂ and tetramethylbenzidine) are added into each well andthe reaction is stopped with 2 N H₂SO₄ within an appropriate amount oftime during color development. The optical density is measured in thelinear range using a microplate reader at 450 nm with wavelengthcorrection at 540 nm. IC₅₀ values are calculated with the GraphPad Prismsoftware.

Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those describedherein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoingdescription. Such modifications are also intended to fall within thescope of the appended claims. Each reference, including all patent,patent applications, and publications, cited in the present applicationis incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

What is claimed is: 1-34. (canceled)
 35. A method of inhibiting tumor growth in a patient comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of 2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide dihydrochloric acid salt, or a hydrate or solvate thereof.
 36. A method of inhibiting tumor metastasis in a patient comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of 2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide dihydrochloric acid salt, or a hydrate or solvate thereof.
 37. A method of treating cancer in a patient, wherein said cancer is associated with dysregulation of the HGF/c-MET signaling pathway, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of 2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide dihydrochloric acid salt, or a hydrate or solvate thereof.
 38. (canceled)
 39. A method of treating a cancer in a patient comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of 2-fluoro-N-methyl-4-[7-(quinolin-6-ylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]benzamide dihydrochloric acid salt, or a hydrate or solvate thereof wherein said cancer is lung cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, glioblastoma, breast cancer, or cancer of the kidney. 40-83. (canceled)
 84. The method of claim 39, wherein said cancer is lung cancer.
 85. The method of claim 39, wherein said cancer is liver cancer.
 86. The method of claim 39, wherein said cancer is colorectal cancer.
 87. The method of claim 39, wherein said cancer is gastric cancer.
 88. The method of claim 39, wherein said cancer is glioblastoma.
 89. The method of claim 39, wherein said cancer is breast cancer.
 90. The method of claim 39, wherein said cancer is cancer of the kidney. 